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Oligomerni proantocijanidini (OPC) i krvožilni sustav
Thebaut JF, Thebaut P, Vin F. Study of Endotelon W in functional manifestations of peripheral venous insufficiency [translated from French]. Gaz Med. 1985;92:96-100. 2. Henriet JP. Exemplary study for a phlebotropic substance, the EIVE Study [translated from French]. Fairfield, CT: Primary Source; not dated. 3. Delacroix P. Double-blind study of Endotelon W in chronic venous insufficiency [translated from French]. La Revue de Medecine. 1981;27-28:1793-1802. 4. Arcangeli P. Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Fitoterapia. Petrassi C, Mastromarino A, Spartera C. Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytomedicine. 2000;7:383-388. 6. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, et al. Improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and microangiopathy with Pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(11):835-839. 7. Pecking A, Desprez-Curely JP, Megret G. Oligomeric grape flavanols (Endotelon) in the treatment of secondary upper limb lymphedemas [translated from French]. Study on file with manufacturer, International Nutrition Company (INC),Vaduz, Liechtenstein. 1989;69-73. 8. Baruch J. Effect of Endotelon in postoperative edema. Results of a double- blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients [translated from French]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1984;29:393-395. 9. Parienti JJ, Parienti-Amsellem J. Post traumatic edemas in sports: a controlled test of Endotelon W [translated from French]. Gaz Med Fr. 1983;90:231-236. 10. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Free radical scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994;44:592-601. 11. Kuttan R, Donnelly PV, Di Ferrante N. Collagen treated with (+)-catechin becomes resistant to the action of mammalian collagenase. Experientia. 1981;37:221-223. 12. Masquelier J. Procyanidolic oligomers. Parfums Cosmetiques Aromes. 1990;95:89-97. 13. Masquelier J, Dumon MC, Dumas J. Stabilization of collagen by procyanidolic oligomers [in French; Englishabstract]. Acta Ther. 1981;7:101-105. 14. Schwitters B, Masquelier J. OPC in Practice: Bioflavanols and their Applications. Rome, Italy: Alfa Omega; 1993. 15. Tixier JM, Godeau G, Robert AM, et al. Evidence by in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of pycnogenols to elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastases. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984;33:3933-3939. 16. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Errichi B, et al. Pycnogenol treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Phytother Res. 2010;24(3):438-444. 17. Schwitters B, Masquelier J. OPC in Practice: Bioflavanols and their Applications. Rome, Italy: Alfa Omega; 1993. 18. Wegrowski J, Robert AM, Moczar M. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers on the composition of normal and hypercholesterolemic rabbit aortas. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984;33:3491-3497. 19. Uchida S, Edamatsu R, Hiramatsu M. Condensed tannins scavenge active oxygen free radicals. Med Sci Res. 1987;15:831-832. 20. Gendre PM, Laparra J, Barraud E. Protective effect of procyanidolic oligomers on experimental lathyrism in rats [in French; English abstract]. Ann Pharm Fr. 1985;43:61-71. 21. Hosseini S, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective, 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patients. Nutr Res. 2001; 21:1251-1260. 22. Thebaut JF, Thebaut P, Vin F. Study of Endotelon in functional manifestations of peripheral venous insufficiency [translated from French]. Gaz Med. 1985;92:96-100. 23. Henriet JP. Exemplary study for a phlebotropic substance, the EIVE Study [translated from French]. Fairfield, CT: Primary Source; not dated. 24. Delacroix P. Double-blind study of Endotelon W in chronic venous insufficiency [translated from French]. La Revue de Medecine. 1981;27-28:1793-1802. 25. Koch R. Comparative study of Venostasin and Pycnogenol in chronic venous insufficiency. Phytother Res. 2002;16(suppl):S1-S5. 26. Pecking A, Desprez-Curely JP, Megret G. Oligomeric grape flavanols (Endotelon) in the treatment of secondary upper limb lymphedemas [translated from French]. Study on file with manufacturer, International Nutrition Company (INC),Vaduz, Liechtenstein. 1989;69-73. 27. Baruch J. Effect of Endotelon in postoperative edema. Results of a double-blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients [translated from French]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1984;29:393-395. 28. Parienti JJ, Parienti-Amsellem J. Post traumatic edemas in sports: a controlled test of Endotelon [translated from French]. Gaz Med Fr. 1983;90:231-236. ten Wolde M, Kraaijenhagen RA, et al. Travel and the risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 2003;89:499-505. 30. Putter M, Grotemeyer KH, Wurthwein G, et al. Inhibition of smoking-induced platelet aggregation by aspirin and pycnogenol. Thromb Res. 1999;95:155-161. 31. Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Rohdewald P, et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with Pycnogenol®. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2004;10:373-377. 32. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, et al. Prevention of venous thrombosis in long-haul flights with Flite Tabs: the LONFLIT-FLITE randomized, controlled trial. Angiology. 2003;54:531-539. 33. Serafini M, Maiani G, Ferro-Luzzi A. Alcohol-free red wine enhances plasma antioxidant capacity in humans. J Nutr 1998; 128:1003-1007. 34. Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, et al. Oxygen free radical scavenging abilities of vitamins C and E, and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in vitro. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1997;95;179-189 35. Bagchi D, Garg A, Krohn RL, et al. Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins and selected antioxidants against TPA-induced hepatic and brain lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, and peritoneal macrophage activation in mice. Gen Phamacol 1988;30:771-776 36. Natella F, Belelli F, Gentili V, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:7720-7725. 37. Fuhrman B, Lavy A, Aviram M. Consumption of red wine with meals reduces the susceptibility of human plasma and low-density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:549-554. 38. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Free radicals scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimittelforschung 1994;44:592-601. 39. Gavignet C, Groult N, Godeau G, et al. Effect of procyanidolic oligomers on cultured mesenchymal cells. I. Effect on attachment, proliferation and detachment of cells. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1989;37:746-753. [Article in French] 40. Robert AM, Groult N, Six C, Robert L. The effect of procyanidolic oligomers on mesenchymal cells in culture. II. Attachment of elastic fibers to the cells. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1990;38:601-607. [Article in French] 41. Fitzpatrick DF, Fleming RC, Bing B, et al. Isolation and characterization of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing compounds from grape seeds. J Agric Food Chem 2000;48:6384-6390. 42. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Procyanidines from Vitis vinifera seeds protect rabbit heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury: antioxidant intervention and/or iron and copper sequestering ability. Planta Med 1996;62:495-502. 43. Preuss HG, Wallerstedt N, Talpur S, et al. Effects of niacin-bound chromium and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on the lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic subjects: a pilot study. J Med 2000;31:227-246. 44. Simonetti P, Ciappellano S, Gardana C, et al. Procyanidins from Vitis vinifera seeds: in vivo effects on oxidative stress. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:6217-6221. 45. Bayeta E, Lau B. Pycnogenol inhibits generation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages. Nutr Res 2000;20:249-259. 46. Blazso G, Gabor M, Rohdewald P. Antiinflammatory activities of procyanidin-containing extracts from Pinus pinaster Ait. after oral and cutaneous application. Pharmazie 1997;52:380-382. 47. Li WG, Zhang XY, Wu YJ, Tian X. Antiinflammatory effect and mechanism of proanthocyanidins from grape seeds. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2001;22:1117-1120. 48. Delacroix P. Double-blind study on Endotelon in chronic venous insufficiency. Rev Med (Paris) 1981;1793:27-28. 49. Thebaut JF, Thebaut P, Vin F. Study of Endotelon in functional manifestations of peripheral venous insufficiency. Results of a double-blind study on 92 patients. Gaz Med (Montr) 1985;92:12. 50. Amsellem M, Masson JM, Negui B, et al. Endotelon in the treatment of venolymphatic problems in premenstrual syndrome, a multicentered study on 165 patients. Tempo Med 1987;November:282. [Article in French] 51. Pecking A. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (Endotelon[R]) in the treatment of post therapeutic lymphoedema of the upper limbs. Association de Lymphologyie de Lange Francaise Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris 1989;69-73. [Article in French] 52. Frankel EN, Kanner J, German JB, et al. Inhibition of oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein by phenolic substances in red wine. Lancet 1993;341:454-457. 53. Das DK, Sato M, Ray PS, et al. Cardioprotection of red wine: role of polyphenolic antioxidants. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1999;25:115-120. 54. Sato M, Maulik N, Das DK. Cardioprotection with alcohol: role of both alcohol and polyphenolic antioxidants. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;957:122-135. 55. Lavy A, Fuhrman B, Markel A, et al. Effect of dietary supplementation of red or white wine on human blood chemistry, hematology and coagulation: favorable effect of red wine on plasma high-density lipoprotein. Ann Nutr Metab 1994;38:287-294. 56. Natella F, Belelli F, Gentili V, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidins prevent plasma postprandial oxidative stress in humans. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50:7720-7725. 57. Witte MB, Thornton FJ, Efron DT, Barbul A. Enhancement of fibroblast collagen synthesis by nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2000;4:572-582. 58. Stallmeyer B, Kampfer H, Kolb N, et al. The function of nitric oxide in wound repair: inhibition of inducible nitric oxide-synthase severely inhibits wound reepithelialization. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:1090-1098. 59. Frank S, Stallmeyer B, Kampfer H, et al. Nitric oxide triggers enhanced induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in cultured keratinocytes (HaCaT) and during cutaneous wound repair. FASEB J 1999;13:2002-2014. 60. Most D, Efron DT, Shi HP, et al. Characterization of incisional wound healing in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Surgery 2002;132:866-876. 61. Khanna S, Roy S, Bagchi D, et al. Upregulation of oxidant-induced VEGF expression in cultured keratinocytes by a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;31:38-42. 62. Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Roy S, et al. Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:1089-1096. 63. Stefanescu M, Matache C, Onu A, et al. Pycnogenol efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Phytother Res 2001;15:698-704. Oligomerni proantocijanidini (OPC) i dijabetes
Kar P, Laight D, Rooprai HK, Shaw KM, Cummings M. "Effects of grape seed extract in Type 2 diabetic subjects at high cardiovascular risk: a double blind randomized placebo controlled trial examining metabolic markers, vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity." Diabet Med. 2009 26(5):526-31. Schonlau F, Rohdewald P. Pycnogenol for diabetic retinopathy. A review. Int Liu X, Wei J, Tan F, et al. Antidiabetic effect of Pycnogenol® French maritime pine bark extract in patients with diabetes type II. Life Sci. 2004;75:2505-2513. 4. Froantin M. Procyanidolic oligomers in the treatment of capillary fragility and retinopathy in diabetics. Med Int 1981;16:432-434. [Article in French] 5. Preuss HG. Effects of glucose/insulin perturbation on aging and chronic disorders of aging; the evidence. J Am Coll Nutr 1997;16:397-403. Preuss HG, Montamarry S, Echard B, et al. Long-term effects of chromium, grape seed extract, and zinc on various metabolic parameters of rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2001;223:95-102. Preuss HG, Bagchi D, Bagchi M. Protective effects of a novel niacin-bound chromium complex and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on advancing age and various aspects of syndrome X. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;957:250-259. Oligomerni proantocijanidini (OPC) i limfedem
Pecking A, Desprez-Curely JP, Megret G. Oligomeric grape flavanols (Endotelon) in the treatment of secondary upper limb lymphedemas [translated from French]. Study on file with manufacturer, International Nutrition Company (INC),Vaduz, Liechtenstein. 1989;69-73. 2. Baruch J. Effect of Endotelon in postoperative edema. Results of a double- blind study versus placebo in 32 female patients [translated from French]. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 1984;29:393-395. 3. Parienti JJ, Parienti-Amsellem J. Post traumatic edemas in sports: a controlled test of Endotelon W [translated from French]. Gaz Med Fr. 1983;90:231-236. 4. Amsellem M, Masson JM, Negui B, et al. Endotelon in the treatment of venolymphatic problems in premenstrual syndrome, a multicentered study on 165 patients. Tempo Med 1987;November:282. Pecking A. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (Endotelon[R]) in the treatment of post therapeutic lymphoedema of the upper limbs. Association de Lymphologyie de Lange Francaise Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris 1989;69-73. [Article in French] Oligomerni proantocijanidini (OPC) i neurodegenerativni poremećaji
YJ, Thomas P, Zhong JH, Bi FF, Kosaraju S, Pollard A, Fenech M, Zhou XF. "Consumption of grape seed extract prevents amyloid-beta deposition and attenuates inflammation in brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse." Neurotox Res. 2009 15(1):3-14. ournal of Alzheimer's Disease. 2009; 16(2):433–439. ournal of Neuroscience. 2008 ; 28(25);6388–6392. Wang YJ, Thomas P, Zhong JH, Bi FF, Kosaraju S, Pollard A, Fenech M, Zhou XF. "Consumption of grape seed extract prevents amyloid-beta deposition and attenuates inflammation in brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse." Neurotox Res. 2009 15(1):3-14. urnal of Biological Chemistry. 2008 ; 238(47): 32176–32187. Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention. 2000 Aug 7;148(2-3):187-97. Proanthocyanidin-rich fraction from Croton celtidifolius Baill confers neuroprotection in the intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine rat model of Parkinson's disease.2010 Dec;117(12):1337-51 Short-term supplementation with plant extracts rich in flavonoids protect nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. 2007 Aug;26(4):341-9. induced inflammation and locomotive deficit and longevity in senescence-accelerated mice-prone (SAMP8) model by the oligomerized polyphenol Oligonol. 2007 Aug;61(7):427-34. Wu TH, Liao JH, Hsu FL, Wu HR, et al. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract chelates iron and attenuates the toxic effect of 6-hydroxydopamine: implication for Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Food Biochemistry. ages 244–262, April 2010 Nutritional issues and supplements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative disorders. 2002 Nov;5(6):631-43. polyphenolic antioxidants in health, disease, and aging. 2010 Dec;13(6):631-43. memory and enhance phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in senescence-accelerated mouse prone/8.2010 Feb;103(4):479-89. Oligomerni proantocijanidini (OPC) i karicnomi
Ye X, Krohn RL, Liu W, et al. The cytotoxic effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1999;196:99-108. Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Chemopreventive effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on Chang liver cells. Toxicology 2000;155:83-90. Bernstein BJ, Grasso T. Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine use in cancer patients. Oncology. 2001;15(10):1267-1272; discussion 1272-1278, 1283. Brooker S, Martin S, Pearson A, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase II trial of IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in patients with radiation-induced breast induration. Radiother Oncol. 2006;79(1):45-51. Busserolles J, Gueux E, Balasinska B, et al. In vivo antioxidant activity of procyanidin-rich extracts from grape seed and pine (Pinus maritima) bark in rats. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2006;76(1):22-7. Faria A, Calhau C, de Freitas V, et al. Procyanidins as antioxidants and tumor cell growth modulators. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54(6):2392-7. Gruenwalkd J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 4th ed. Montvale, NJ: Thomson Healthcare; 2007:405-410. Hsu CP, Lin YH, Chou CC, Zhou SP, Hsu YC, Liu CL, Ku FM, Chung YC. Mechanisms of grape seed procyanidin-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(1):283-9. Hu H, Qin YM. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract induced mitochondria- associated apoptosis in human acute myeloid leukemia 14.3D10 cells. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006; 119(5):417-21. Joshi SS, Kuszynski CA, Bagchi D. The cellular and molecular basis of health benefits of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2001;2(2):187-200. 11. Kaur M, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract induces anoikis and caspase-mediated apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells: possible role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated-p53 activation. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5(5):1265-74. 12. Kaur M, Agarwal C, Argarwal R. Anticancer and cancer chemopreventive potential of grape seed extract and other grape-based products. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1806S-12S. 13. Kaur M, Mandair R, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60 Suppl 1:2-11. LaValle JB, Krinsky DL, Hawkins EB, et al. Natural Therapeutics Pocket Guide. Hudson, OH:LexiComp; 2000: 451-452. Nassiri-Asl M, Hosseinzadeh H. Review of the pharmacological effects of Vitis vinifera (Grape) and its bioactive compounds. Phytother Res. 2009 Jan 12. Ramchandani AG, Karibasappa GS, Pakhale SS. Antitumor-promoting effects of polyphenolic extracts from seedless and seeded Indian grapes. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2008;27(4):321-31. Waffo-Teguo P, Hawthorne ME, Cuendet M, et al. Potential cancer- chemopreventive activities of wine stilbenoids and flavans extracted from grape (Vitis vinifera) cell cultures. Nutr Cancer. 2001;40(2):173-179. Oligomerni proantocijanidini (OPC) i ostalo
Fusi L, Czimeg F, Pesce F, et al. Effects of procyanidolic olygomers from Vitis vinifera in subjects working at video-display units. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 1990;116:575. Saliou C, Rimbach G, Moini H, et al. Solar ultraviolet-induced erythema in human skin and nuclear factor-kappa-B-dependent gene expression in keratinocytes are modulated by a French maritime pine bark extract. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;30:154-160. Fisher GJ, Datta SC, Talwar HS, et al. Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature 1996;379:335-339. Ni Z, Mu Y, Gulati O. Treatment of melasma with pycnogenol. Phytother Res Corbe C, Boissin JP, Siou A. Light vision and chorioretinal circulation. Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomers (Endotelon). J Fr Ophtalmol 1988;11:453-460. [Article in French] Boissin JP, Corbe C, Siou A. Chorioretinal circulation and dazzling: use of procyanidol oligomers (Endotelon). Bull Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1988;88:173-174, 177-179. [Article in French] Froantin M. Procyanidolic oligomers in the treatment of capillary fragility and retinopathy in diabetics. Med Int 1981;16:432-434. [Article in French] Moriconi S, Bellezza PG. Clinical study on the activity of procyanidolic oligomers of Vitis vinifera on retinal sensitivity in myopic patients. Ann Ottalmol Clin Ocul 1988;114:585-594. Nair MP, Kandaswami C, Mahajan S, et al. Grape seed extract proanthocyanidins downregulate HIV-1 entry coreceptors, CCR2b, CCR3, and CCR5 gene expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biol Res 2002;35:421-431 Witte MB, Thornton FJ, Efron DT, Barbul A. Enhancement of fibroblast collagen synthesis by nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 2000;4:572-582. Stallmeyer B, Kampfer H, Kolb N, et al. The function of nitric oxide in wound repair: inhibition of inducible nitric oxide-synthase severely inhibits wound reepithelialization. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:1090-1098. Frank S, Stallmeyer B, Kampfer H, et al. Nitric oxide triggers enhanced induction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in cultured keratinocytes (HaCaT) and during cutaneous wound repair. FASEB J 1999;13:2002-2014. Most D, Efron DT, Shi HP, et al. Characterization of incisional wound healing in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Surgery 2002;132:866-876. Khanna S, Roy S, Bagchi D, et al. Upregulation of oxidant-induced VEGF expression in cultured keratinocytes by a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;31:38-42. Khanna S, Venojarvi M, Roy S, et al. Dermal wound healing properties of redox-active grape seed proanthocyanidins. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;33:1089-1096. Ray SD, Patel D, Wong V, Bagchi D. In vivo protection of DNA damage associated apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths during acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity by a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2000;107:137-166. Bagchi D, Ray SD, Patel D, Bagchi M. Protection against drug- and chemical- induced multiorgan toxicity by a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2001;27:3-15. Stefanovic V, Savic V, Vlahovic P, et al. Reversal of experimental myoglobinuric acute renal failure with bioflavonoids from seeds of grape. Ren Fail 2000;22:255-266. Banerjee B, Bagchi D. Beneficial effects of a novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Digestion 2001;63:203-206. Heimann SW. Pycnogenol for ADHD? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Trebaticka J, Kopasova S, Hradecna Z, et al. Treatment of ADHD with French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol®. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006 May 13. 21. Passwater RA. All About Pycnogenol. Garden City Park, NY: Avery Publishing Liu FJ, Zhang YX, Lau BH. Pycnogenol enhances immune and haemopoietic functions in senescence-accelerated mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 1998;54:1168-1172. Stefanescu M, Matache C, Onu A, et al. Pycnogenol efficacy in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Phytother Res 2001;15:698-704. Hosseini S, Pishnamazi S, Sadrzadeh SM, et al. Pycnogenol[R] in the management of asthma. J Med Food 2001;4:201-209. Lau BH, Riesen SK, Truong KP, et al. Pycnogenol as an adjunct in the management of childhood asthma. J Asthma. 2005;41:825-832. 26. Christie S, Walker AF, Hicks SM, et al. Flavonoid supplement improves leg health and reduces fluid retention in pre-menopausal women in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2004;11:11-17. 27. Wilson D, Evans M, Guthrie N, Sharma P, Baisley J, Schonlau F, Burki C. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study to evaluate the potential of pycnogenol for improving allergic rhinitis symptoms. Phytother Res. 2010;24(8):1115-1119. 29. Maffei Facino R, Carini M, Aldini G, et al. Free radical scavenging action and anti-enzyme activities of procyanidines from Vitis vinifera. A mechanism for their capillary protective action. Arzneimittelforschung. 1994;44:592-601. 30. Kuttan R, Donnelly PV, Di Ferrante N. Collagen treated with (+)-catechin becomes resistant to the action of mammalian collagenase. Experientia. 1981;37:221-223. 31. Masquelier J. Procyanidolic oligomers. Parfums Cosmetiques Aromes. Masquelier J, Dumon MC, Dumas J. Stabilization of collagen by procyanidolic oligomers [in French; English abstract]. Acta Ther. 1981;7:101-105. 33. Schwitters B, Masquelier J. OPC in Practice: Bioflavanols and their Applications. Rome, Italy: Alfa Omega; 1993. 34. Tixier JM, Godeau G, Robert AM, et al. Evidence by in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of pycnogenols to elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastases. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984;33:3933-3939. Lesbre FX. Effect of endotelon on the capillary fragility index in a specific group: cirrhotic subjects. Gaz Med Fr. 1983;90:332-337. 36. Yang HM, Liao MF, Zhu SY, et al. A randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial on the effect of Pycnogenol® on the climacteric syndrome in peri-menopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86:978-985. 37. Kimbrough C, Chun M, dela Roca G, et al. Pycnogenol chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation. Phytomedicine. 2002;9:410-413.

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