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Appendix V: Primary Latin Roots
This appendix only lists the first given root of a tree, or its primary root. Please see the tree for all subsidiary roots. 1. A, ab-away, from, by: p. 1. 2. Acer, acris-sharp, keen, fierce: p. 2. 3. Ad-to, toward, near, at: p. 3. 4. Aedes-temple, house: p. 4. 5. Aequus-equal: p. 4. 6. Aestimo, aestimare, aestimavi, aestimatum-to fix the value of, estimate: p. 5. 7. Aevum-time, life, age, generation: p. 5. 8. Ager, agri-field, country: p. 6. 9. Ago, agere, egi, actum-to do, drive, act: p. 7. 10. Aio, ait-to say: p. 9. 11. Albus-white: p. 9. 12. Alo, alere, alui, altum-to feed, nourish, cause to grow: p. 10. 13. Alter-another, other, second: p. 11. 14. Ambi-both, around: p. 11. 15. Ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum-to walk, go around: p. 12. 16. Amicus-friend: p. 12. 17. Amo, amare, amavi, amatum-to love: p. 13. 18. Amplus-large, wide: p. 13. 19. Angulus-angle, corner: p. 14. 20. Anima-soul, breath: p. 14. 21. Annus-year: p. 15. 22. Ante-before: p. 16. 23. Antiquus-old: p. 16. 24. Anxius-worried, uneasy: p. 16. 25. Aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum-to open: p. 17. 26. Aptus-suitable, fit, attached: p. 17. 27. Aqua-water: p. 18. 28. Arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum-to think, judge: p. 18. 29. Arbor-tree: p. 19. 30. Arca-chest, coffer: p. 19. 31. Arcus-bow: p. 20. 32. Ardeo, ardere, arsi-to burn, be on fire: p. 20. 33. Arma-arms, weapons: p. 21. 34. Ars, artis-skill, craft: p. 22. 35. Asper-rough: p. 22. 36. Ater, atra, atrum-black: p. 23. 37. Audio, audire, audivi, auditum-to hear: p. 23. 38. Augeo, augere, auxi, auctum-to increase: p. 24. 39. Auris-ear: p. 24. 40. Aurum-gold: p. 25. 41. Aveo, avere-to be eager or anxious, desire, yearn for: p. 25. 42. Avis-bird: p. 26. 43. Avunculus-maternal uncle: p. 26. 44. Bacillus-rod: p. 27. 45. Barba-beard: p. 27. 46. Barra-rail, barrier, bar: p. 28. 47. Bassus-low, short: p. 28. 48. Battuo, battuere-to beat, pound: p. 29. 49. Bellum-war: p. 30. 50. Bellus-pretty, handsome, charming: p. 30. 51. Bene-well: p. 31. 52. Bestia-beast: p. 31. 53. Bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum-to drink: p. 31. 54. Bis-twice: p. 32. 55. Bonus-good: p. 33. 56. Bracchium-arm: p. 33. 57. Brevis-short: p. 34. 58. Brocca-a pointed stick, spike: p. 34. 59. Bucca-cheek: p. 35. 60. Bulla-bubble, round object: p. 35. 61. Burgus-fortified place: p. 36. 62. Bursa-bag, purse: p. 36. 63. Buscus-bush, wood: p. 36. 65. Cado, cadere, cecidi, casum-to fall: p. 37. 66. Caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum-to cut, kill: p. 38. 67. Caelum-sky: p. 39. 68. Calco, calcare, calcavi, calcatum-to tread underfoot, track: p. 39. 69. Caleo, calere, calui-to be warm, hot: p. 40. 70. Calo, calare, calavi, calatum-to announce, summon, convoke: p. 40. 71. Calumnior, calumniari, calumniatus sum-to find fault: p. 40. 72. Calx, calcis-limestone: p. 41. 73. Camera-room, chamber: p. 41. 74. Cambio, cambiare-to exchange: p. 42. 75. Campus-field: p. 42. 76. Cancer-lattice: p. 43. 77. Cancer, cancri-crab, cancer, tumor: p. 43. 78. Candeo, candere, candui-to be of brilliant whiteness, shine, be hot: p. 44. 79. Canis-dog: p. 44. 80. Cano, canere, cecini, cantum-to sing: p. 45. 81. Caper, capri-goat: p. 46. 82. Capillus-hair: p. 46. 83. Capio, capere, cepi, captum-to take, seize: pp. 47-48. 84. Cappa-hood, hooded cloak: p. 48. 85. Caput, capitis-head: p. 49. 86. Carbo, carbonis-charcoal, glowing coal: p. 50. 87. Caro, carnis-flesh: p. 50. 88. Carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum-to pick, pluck, cull: 51. 89. Carrus-wagon, cart: p. 51. 90. Carus-dear: p. 52. 91. Castellum-refuge, stronghold: p. 52. 92. Castus-pure, chaste: p. 53. 93. Catena-chain: p. 53. 94. Cauda-tail: p. 54. 95. Causa-reason, motive, lawsuit: p. 54. 96. Caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum-to beware of, take care: p. 55. 97. Cavus-hollow: p. 55. 98. Cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum-to go, move, yield, withdraw: p. 56. 99. Celer-swift, speedy: p. 57. 100. Celo, celare, celavi, celatum-hide: p. 57. 101. Censeo, censere, censui, censum-to assess, judge, rate: p. 58. 102. Centrum-center: p. 58. 103. Centum-one hundred: p. 58. 104. Cerebrum-brain: p. 59. 105. Cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum-to sift, discern, perceive, decide, separate: p. 60. 106. Certo, certare, certavi-to compete, strive, contend, fight: p. 60. 107. Certus-sure: p. 61. 108. Charta-sheet of paper: p. 61. 109. Chimicus-alchemist: p. 62. 110. Cifra-zero: p. 62. 111. Cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum-to gird, surround, beleaguer: p. 63. 112. Circum-around, about: p. 63. 113. Cito, citare, citavi, citatum-to cite, summon, encourage, excite: p. 64. 114. Civis-citizen: p. 64. 115. Clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum-to shout, call out: p. 65. 116. Clarus-clear, bright: p. 65. 117. Classis-class of the Roman people, fleet, rank, grade, group: p. 66. 118. Claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum-to shut, close: p. 67. 119. Clavis-key: p. 68. 120. Clementia-mercy, mildness, calmness: p. 68. 121. Clivus-slope, hill: p. 68. 122. Codex, codicis-ancient book: p. 69. 123. Cohors, cohortis-enclosed yard, courtyard, retinue: p. 69. 124. Collum-neck: p. 70. 125. Colo, colare, colavi, colatum-to strain, filter: p. 70. 126. Colo, colere, colui, cultum-to cultivate, pursue, revere, worship: p. 71. 127. Columna-projecting object, column: p. 72. 128. Communis-common, public, general: p. 72. 129. Concilium-council: p. 73. 130. Condo, condere, condidi, conditum-to hide, put away: p. 73. 131. Congruo, congruere, congrui-tp come together, agree, suit, accord: p. 73. 132. Contra-opposite, against: p. 74. 133. Copia-plenty, profusion: p. 75. 134. Coquo, coquere, coxi, coctum-cook: p. 75. 135. Cor, cordis-heart: p. 76. 136. Corium-leather: p. 76. 137. Cornu-horn: p. 77. 138. Corona-crown, wreath: p. 78. 139. Corpus, corporis-body: p. 79. 140. Cortex, corticis-bark, rind, shell, husk: p. 79. 141. Costa-rib, flank, side: p. 80. 142. Crassus-thick, stupid, fat: p. 80. 143. Cratis-lattice, wickerwork hurdle: p. 80. 144. Credo, credere, credidi, creditum-to believe, trust: p. 81. 145. Creo, creare, creavi, creatum-make, create, produce, cause: p. 81. 146. Crepito, crepitare, crepitavi, crepitatum-to rattle, clatter, rustle, creak: p. 82. 147. Cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum-to grow, arise, appear, increase: p. 82. 148. Croccus-hook: p. 82. 149. Crudus-bloody, raw, undigested, rough: p. 83. 150. Crusta-rind, shell, husk: p. 83. 151. Crux, crucis-cross: p. 84. 152. Cubo, cubere, cubui, cubitum-to lie down, lie asleep: p. 85. 153. Culpa-fault, blame: p. 90. 154. Cum-with, together, thoroughly: p. 86. 155. Cumulus-pile, heap: p. 87. 156. Cuneus-wedge: p. 87. 157. Cupa-barrel, vat, cask, tub: p. 87. 158. Cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum-to wish, want, desire, long for: p. 88. 159. Curo, curare, curavi, curatum-to take care of, supervise: p. 88. 160. Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum-to run: p. 89. 161. Curtus-shortened, short: p. 89. 162. Curvus-bent, curved: p. 90. 164. Damno, damnare, damnavi, damnatum-to declare guilty: p. 91. 165. De-down, off, from, completely: p. 91. 166. Debeo, debere, debui-to owe, ought: p. 91. 167. Decem-ten: p. 92. 168. Decet, decere, decuit-to add grace to, adorn: p. 92. 169. Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum-to destroy, efface, wipe out: p. 93. 170. Dens, dentis-tooth: p. 93. 171. Densus-thick: p. 93. 172. Deus-god: p. 94. 173. Dexter, dextra, dextrum-right: p. 95. 174. Dico, dicere, dixi, dictum-to say, tell: pp. 96-97. 175. Dies-day: p. 97. 176. Digitus-finger: p. 98. 177. Dignus-worthy, deserving: p. 98. 178. Dis-apart, not, away from, reversal: p. 99. 179. Disco, discere, didici-to learn: p. 99. 180. Divido, dividere, divisi, divisum-to separate a whole into parts: p. 99. 181. Do, dare, dedi, datum-to give: pp. 100-101. 182. Doceo, docere, docui, doctum-to teach: p. 101. 183. Doleo, dolere, dolui-to feel pain, grieve, suffer: p. 101. 184. Dominus-master: p. 102. 185. Domo, domare, domavi, domatum-to tame, subdue: p. 103. 186. Domus-house: p. 103. 187. Dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum-to sleep: p. 103. 188. Dorsum-back: p. 104. 189. Draco, draconis-dragon, snake, serpent: p. 104. 190. Drama, dramatis-play, drama: p. 105. 191. Dubium-doubt: p. 105. 192. Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum-lead: p. 106. 193. Dulcis-sweet: p. 107. 194. Duo-two: p. 107. 195. Duro, durare, duravi, duratum-to make hard, continue in existence: p. 108. 196. Ebrius-drunk: p. 109. 197. Edo, edere, edi, esum-to eat: p. 109. 198. Ego-I: p. 109. 199. Elementum-component, ingredient, particle, rudiment, beginning: p. 110. 200. Emo, emere, emi, emptum-to buy, take, gain: p. 110. 201. Eo, ire, ii, itum-to go: pp. 111-112. 202. Equus-horse: p. 112. 203. Erro, errare, erravi, erratum-wander, err, make a mistake 204. Ex-out of, from, intensive 205. Experior, experiri, expertus sum-to try, test, attempt: p. 113. 206. Extra-beyond, outside: p. 113. 207. Fabrica-art, craft, workshop: p. 114. 208. Facies-face, surface: p. 114. 209. Facio, facere, feci, factum-to make, do: pp. 115-117. 210. Fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum-to trick, deceive: p. 118. 211. Fama-reputation, rumor, report: p. 118. 212. Familia-household, personal group: p. 118. 213. Far, farris-grain: p. 119. 214. Fascis-bundle: p. 119. 215. Fateor, fateri, fassus sum-to confess, admit, acknowledge: p. 119. 216. Fatigo, fatigare, fatigavi, fatigatum-to weary, tire: p. 120. 217. Fatuus-foolish, silly, insipid: p. 120. 218. Faveo, favere, favi, fautum-to be well-disposed towards, to support: p. 120. 219. Febris-fever: p. 121. 220. Felix, felicis-happy, lucky: p. 121. 221. Femina-woman: p. 121. 222. Fendo, fendere, fendi, fensum-to ward off, strike: p. 122. 223. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum-to bear, carry: pp. 123-124. 224. Ferrum-iron: p. 124. 225. Ferus-wild, savage, cruel: p. 125. 226. Ferveo, fervere, fervui-to boil, be hot: p. 125. 227. Festum-a feast: p. 125. 228. Fides-trust, faith: p. 126. 229. Figo, figere, fixi, fixum-to fasten, fix: p. 126. 230. Filia-daughter: 127. 231. Filum-thread: 127. 232. Findo, findere, fidi, fissum-to cleave, split: 128. 233. Fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum-to pretend, invent, forge, shape: p. 128. 234. Finis-end, boundary, limit: p. 129. 235. Firmus-strong, stable, immovable: p. 130. 236. Fiscus-purse, treasury: p. 130. 237. Flagro, flagrare, flagravi, flagratum-to burn: p. 130. 238. Flamma-flame: p. 131. 239. Flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum-to bend: p. 131. 240. Fleo, flere, flevi, fletum-to weep, bewail, lament: p. 132. 241. Fligo, fligere, flixi, flictum-to strike: p. 132. 242. Flo, flare, flavi, flatum-to blow: p. 132. 243. Flos, floris-flower, blossoming, zenith, best period of life: p. 133. 244. Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum-to flow: p. 134. 245. Focus-hearth, fireplace: p. 135. 246. Folium-leaf: p. 135. 247. Follis-bellows, inflated ball, windbag: p. 136. 248. For, fari, fatus sum-to speak, talk, say: p. 137. 249. Forma-shape: p. 138. 250. Fortis-strong: p. 139. 251. Fortuna-luck, chance: p. 139. 252. Forum-forum, marketplace: p. 140. 253. Frango, frangere, fregi, fractum-to break: p. 140. 254. Frater, fratris-brother: p. 141. 255. Frendo, frendere, frendui, fresum-to grind: p. 141. 256. Frequens, frequentis-crowded, repeated, constant: p. 141. 257. Frigeo, frigere-to be cold: p. 142. 258. Frons, frontis-forehead, foremost part: p. 142. 259. Fructus-fruit, enjoyment: p. 143. 260. Fugio, fugere, fugi-to flee: p. 143. 261. Fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi-to shine, flash: p. 143. 262. Fumus-smoke: p. 144. 263. Fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum-to pour, melt: p. 144. 265. Fungor, fungi, functus sum-to perform: p. 145. 266. Funus, funeris-funeral: p. 145. 267. Fur-thief: p. 145. 268. Furca-fork: p. 146. 269. Furo, furere, furui-to rage, be mad or furious: p. 146. 271. Gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum-to rejoice: p. 147. 272. Gelo, gelare, gelavi, gelatum-to freeze, turn to ice: p. 147. 273. Gemma-bud, gem: p. 148. 274. Gemini-twins: p. 148. 275. Gens, gentis-clan, tribe, nation, people: p. 148. 276. Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum-to bear, bring, carry, wear, achieve, perform: p. 149. 277. Gigno, gignere, genui, genitum-to bring forth: pp. 150-152. 278. Glacies-ice: p. 152. 279. Gladius-sword: p. 153. 280. Globus-sphere: p. 153. 281. Glomus, glomeris-ball-shaped mass: p. 153. 282. Gloria-honor, praise: p. 154. 283. Gluten, glutinis-glue: p. 154. 284. Gluttio, gluttire, glutii, glutitum-to swallow, gulp down: p. 154. 285. Gnosco, gnoscere, gnovi, gnotum-to get to know, find out: p. 155. 286. Gradior, gradi, gressus sum-to step, move: p. 156. 287. Grandis-great, old, grown up, lofty, powerful: p. 157. 288. Granum-grain, seed: p. 158. 289. Gratus-pleasing, beloved, dear, thankful, welcome: p. 159. 290. Gravis-heavy, serious: p. 160. 291. Grex, gregis-flock: p. 160. 292. Grossus-large, bulky, thick: p. 161. 293. Guberno, gubernare, gubernavi, gubernatum-to steer a ship, govern: p. 161. 294. Gula-gullet, throat, appetite: p. 161. 295. Gusto, gustare, gustavi, gustatum-to taste: p. 161. 296. Gutta-drop: p. 162. 297. Guttur-gullet, throat, appetite: p. 162. 298. Habeo, habere, habui, habitum-to have, hold, handle: p. 163. 299. Haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum-to stick, cling: p. 164. 300. Halo, halare, halavi, halatum-to breathe: p. 164. 301. Herba-plant, grass: p. 165. 302. Heres-heir: p. 165. 303. Hilaris-cheerful: p. 165. 304. Homo, hominis-human being, man: p. 166. 305. Honor, honoris-honor, esteem, repute: p. 166. 306. Horreo, horrere, horrui-to tremble, dread, shudder, bristle: p. 167. 307. Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum-to urge, encourage: p. 167. 308. Hospes, hospitis-guest, host: p. 167. 309. Humanus-pertaining to man, kind, refined: p. 168. 310. Humor-moisture, liquid, bodily fluid: p. 168. 311. Humus-the ground, earth: p. 169. 312. Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum-to throw: pp. 170-171. 313. Ianua-door: p. 171. 314. Idem-same: p. 171. 315. Ignis-fire: p. 172. 316. Ille, illa, illud-that: p. 172. 317. Imago, imaginis-image, likeness, idea: p. 172. 318. In-in, on, not, into: p. 173. 319. Index, indicis-forefinger: p. 174. 320. Infra-below: p. 174. 321. Instauro, instaurare, instauravi, instauratum-to renew, repeat, restore: p. 174. 322. Insula-island: p. 175. 323. Integer, integra, integrum-whole, entire, untouched: p. 175. 324. Inter-between, within: p. 176. 325. Intro-within: p. 177. 326. Invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum-to invite, allure, entice, incite: p. 177. 327. Iocus-a jest, joke: p. 177. 328. Ira-anger: p. 178. 329. Irrito, irritare, irritavi, irritatum-to provoke, annoy, excite, aggravate: p. 178. 330. Iterum-again: p. 178. 331. Iubilo, iubilare, iubilavi, iubilatum-to raise a shout of joy: p. 178. 332. Iudex, iudicis-judgel, one who gives an opinion: p. 179. 333. Iugum-yoke: p. 179. 334. Iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum-to join: p. 180. 335. Ius, iuris-law, right: p. 181. 336. Iuvenis-young man: p. 182. 337. Iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum-to help, delight: p. 182. 338. Labor-exertion, labor, toil: p. 183. 339. Labor, labi, lapsus sum-to slip, fall: p. 183. 340. Lac, lactis-milk: p. 184. 341. Lacio, lacere-to entice, inveigle, lure, deceive: p. 185. 342. Lacrima-tear (of the eye): p. 185. 343. Lacus-lake: p. 186. 344. Laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum-to harm, hurt, strike: p. 186. 345. Langueo, languere-to be sluggish, wilt, lack vigor: p. 186. 346. Lanx, lancis-one of the scales of a balance: p. 187. 347. Lapis, lapidis-stone: p. 187. 348. Largus-generous, bountiful, copious, ample, plentiful: p. 187. 349. Lassus-weary: p. 188. 350. Lateo, latere, latui-to lie hidden, lurk: p. 188. 351. Latium-the district in which Rome was situated: p. 188. 352. Latus-wide: p. 188. 353. Latus, lateris-side, flank: p. 189. 354. Laus, laudis-praise: p. 189. 355. Lavo, lavare, lavi, lautum-to wash: p. 189. 356. Laxus-slack, loose: p. 190. 357. Lego, legare, legavi, legatum-to bind, choose, send, appoint: p. 190. 358. Lego, legere, legi, lectum-to read, choose, collect: p. 191. 359. Lenio, lenire, lenii, lenitum-to mitigate, allay, ease: p. 192. 360. Levo, levare, levavi, levatum-to raise: p. 192. 361. Lex, legis-law: p. 193. 362. Liber-free: p. 193. 363. Liber, libri-book: p. 194. 364. Libra-balance, scales, Roman pound: p. 194. 365. Licet, licere, licuit-it is permitted, one may: p. 195. 366. Lignum-wood: p. 195. 367. Ligo, ligare, ligavi, ligatum-to tie, bind: p. 196. 368. Limen, liminis-threshold: p. 196. 369. Limes, limitis-boundary, track: p. 197. 370. Lingua-tongue: p. 197. 371. Linquo, linquere, liqui-to leave, abandon, forsake: p. 198. 372. Linum-flax, thread: p. 198. 373. Liqueo, liquere, liqui-to flow, be liquid: p. 199. 374. Litera-letter: p. 199. 375. Locus-place: p. 200. 376. Longus-long: p. 201. 377. Loquor, loqui, locutus sum-to talk: p. 201. 378. Lubricus-oily, slippery, inconstant: p. 202. 379. Lucrum-gain, profit: p. 202. 380. Luctor, luctari, luctatus sum-to struggle, fight against: p. 202. 381. Ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum-to play, tease, trick: p. 202. 382. Lugeo, lugere, luxi, luctum-to mourn, lament: p. 203. 383. Lumen, luminis-light: p. 203. 384. Luna-moon: p. 204. 385. Lupus-wolf: p. 204. 386. Lustro, lustrare, lustravi, lustratum-to illumine, purify, brighten: p. 205. 387. Lux, lucis-light: p. 205. 388. Luxus-luxury, soft-living, sumptuousness: p. 205. 390. Magister, magistri-ruler, leader: p. 206. 391. Magnus-large, great: p. 207. 392. Magus-sorceror: p. 208. 393. Malleus-hammer: p. 208. 394. Malus-bad, evil: p. 209. 395. Mamma-breast, udder: p. 210. 396. Mando, mandare, mandavi, mandatum-to order, entrust: p. 210. 397. Maneo, manere, mansi, mansum-to stay, remain: p. 211. 398. Mantellum-cloak: p. 211. 399. Manus-hand: p. 212. 400. Mare-sea: p. 213. 401. Margo, marginis-border, edge: p. 213. 402. Martyr-a witness: p. 214. 403. Mas-a male: p. 214. 404. Masca-mask, witch, specter: p. 214. 405. Mater, matris-mother: p. 215. 406. Maturo, maturare, maturavi, maturatum-to make ripe, hasten: p. 216. 407. Medeor, mederi-to heal, cure, remedy: p. 216. 408. Meditor, meditari, meditatus sum-to reflect upon, muse over: p. 216. 409. Medius-middle: p. 217. 410. Mel-honey: p. 218. 411. Melior-better: p. 218. 412. Membrum-a limb, part, portion, division: p. 218. 413. Memor-remembering, mindful: p. 219. 414. Mendum-fault, defect: p. 220. 415. Mens, mentis-mind: p. 220. 416. Meo, meare, meavi, meatum-to pass, proceed: p. 221. 417. Mereo, merere, merui, meritum-to earn, gain, deserve: p. 221. 418. Mergo, mergere, mersi, mersum-to plunge, bury, drown: p. 221. 419. Merx, mercis-goods, trade, traffic: p. 222. 420. Metior, metiri, mensus sum-to measure, traverse, estimate: p. 223. 421. Meus-my, mine: p. 223. 422. Migro, migrare, migravi, migratum-to move, pass into a new condition: p. 223. 423. Miles, militis-soldier: p. 224. 424. Mille-one thousand: p. 224. 425. Mineo, minere-to lean forward, project, jut out, threaten: p. 225. 426. Minio, miniare, miniavi, miniatum-to color red with cinnabar: p. 225. 427. Ministro, ministrare, ministravi, ministratum-to serve, act as a servant: p. 225. 428. Minor-smaller, lesser, younger: p. 226. 429. Minor, minari, minatus sum-to threaten: p. 226. 430. Miror, mirari, miratus sum-wonder at, be amazed at, admire: p. 227. 431. Misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtum-to blend, mingle, mix: p. 227. 432. Miser-wretched: p. 227. 433. Mitto, mittere, misi, missum-to send: p. 228. 434. Modus-measure, method, mode, manner, way, rhythm, moderation: p. 229. 435. Moles-heap, mass: p. 230. 436. Mollis-soft: p. 230. 437. Molo, molere, molui, molitum-to grind (in a mill): p. 231. 438. Moneo, monere, monui, monitum-to warn, advise, remind: p. 231. 439. Mons, montis-mountain: p. 232. 440. Morbus-disease: p. 233. 441. Mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum-to bite, sting, hurt, distress: p. 233. 442. Moror, morari, moratus sum-to delay, stay behind: p. 233. 443. Mors, mortis-death: p. 234. 444. Mos, moris-custom, habit, manner: p. 234. 445. Moveo, movere, movi, motum-to move: p. 235. 446. Multus-much: p. 236. 447. Mundus-world: p. 236. 448. Munus, muneris-duty, function, gift, public service, public show: p. 237. 449. Murus-wall: p. 238. 450. Mus, muris-mouse: p. 238. 451. Muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum-to change, alter: p. 239. 452. Narro, narrare, narravi, narratum-to tell, relate: p. 240. 453. Nascor, nasci, natus sum-to be born: p. 241. 454. Nasus-nose: p. 242. 455. Navis-ship: p. 242. 456. Nebula-mist, cloud: p. 242. 457. Necto, nectere, nexi, nexum-to tie: p. 243. 458. Nego, negare, negavi, negatum-to deny, say not: p. 243. 459. Neuter, neutra, neutrum-neither: p. 244. 460. Nidus-nest: p. 244. 461. Niger, nigra, nigrum-black: p. 245. 462. Nihil-nothing: p. 245. 463. Noceo, nocere, nocui, nocitum-to harm: p. 245. 464. Nodus-knot, rope, difficulty, intricacy: p. 246. 465. Nomen, nominis-name: p. 246. 466. Non-not: p. 247. 467. Norma-carpenter’s square, pattern, standard: p. 247. 468. Noster, nostra, nostrum-our: p. 247. 469. Nota-mark, sign, letter, word: p. 247. 471. Novus-new: p. 248. 472. Nox, noctis-night: p. 249. 473. Nubes-cloud: p. 249. 474. Nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptum-to marry, take a husband: p. 249. 475. Nullus-no, not any, none: p. 249. 476. Numerus-number: p. 250. 477. Nuntius-messenger: p. 250. 478. Nutrio, nutrire, nutrivi, nutritum-to nourish, foster, bring up, suckle: p. 250. 479. Nux, nucis-nut: p. 251. 480. Ob-to, toward, against, in the way: p. 252. 481. Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum-to forget: p. 252. 482. Obscurus-covered, dark: p. 252. 483. Octo-eight: p. 253. 484. Oculus-eye: p. 253. 485. Odium-hatred: p. 254. 486. Oleo, olere, olui-to smell: p. 254. 487. Oleum-oil: p. 254. 488. Omen, ominis-sign, augury: p. 255. 489. Omnis-all: p. 255. 490. Onus, oneris-burden, load: p. 255. 491. Operio, operire, operui, opertum-to cover over, shut, conceal: p. 256. 492. Opto, optare, optavi, optatum-to wish, choose: p. 256. 493. Opus, operis-work: p. 257. 494. Orbis-circle: p. 257. 495. Ordo, ordinis-order, row, series: p. 258. 496. Orior, oriri, ortus sum-to rise, begin, be born: p. 258. 497. Orno, ornare, ornavi, ornatum-to decorate, beautify, arrange: p. 258. 498. Os, oris-mouth: p. 259. 499. Os, ossis-bone: p. 259. 500. Otium-leisure: p. 260. 501. Ovum-egg: p. 260. 503. Palatium-Palatine Hill, Roman imperial residence: p. 261. 504. Palleo, pallere, pallui-to be pale, fade: p. 261. 505. Pallium-cloak: p. 262. 506. Palpo, palpare, palpavi, palpatum-to stroke, caress, touch: p. 262. 507. Pando, pandere, pandi, passum (pansum)-spread out, extend, reveal: p. 263. 508. Pango, pangere, pepigi, pactum-fix, fasten, drive in: p. 264. 509. Panis-bread: p. 264. 510. Par-equal: p. 265. 511. Pario, parere, peperi, partum-to give birth, produce, come to sight: p. 265. 512. Paro, parare, paravi, paratum-to prepare, obtain, make ready: p. 266. 513. Pars, partis-part: p. 267. 514. Pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum-to feed, pasture, nurture: p. 268. 515. Pasta-dough, paste: p. 268. 516. Pateo, patere, patui-to be open, be visible, be accessible: p. 269. 517. Pater, patris-father: p. 269. 518. Patior, pati, passus sum-to suffer, endure, tolerate, experience: p. 270. 519. Pauper-poor, of small worth: p. 270. 520. Pausa-pause, temporary halt: p. 270. 521. Pax, pacis-peace: p. 271. 522. Pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatum-to stumble, sin: p. 271. 523. Pectus, pectoris-chest: p. 271. 524. Pecunia-money: p. 272. 525. Peior-worse: p. 272. 526. Pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum-to push: p. 273. 527. Pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum-to hang, weigh: p. 274. 528. Penetro, penetrare, penetravi, penetratum-to pierce, gain entrance: p. 275. 529. Penna-feather, wing: p. 275. 530. Per-through, thoroughly: p. 276. 531. Pes, pedis-foot: p. 276. 532. Pestis-pest, rascal, plague: p. 277. 533. Peto, petere, petivi, petitum-to seek, attack, aim at, beg: p. 277. 534. Picco, piccare, piccavi, piccatum-to pierce: p. 278. 535. Pila-pillar: p. 278. 536. Pilus-hair: p. 278. 537. Pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum-to paint, embellish, portray: p. 279. 538. Pipo, pipare-to chirp, peep: p. 279. 539. Piscis-fish: p. 279. 540. Pius-devoted, upright, faithful: p. 280. 541. Placeo, placere, placui-to please, suit: p. 280. 542. Plango, plangere, planxi, planctum-to strike, beat, mourn for: p. 281. 543. Planta-sole of the foot, plant: p. 281. 544. Planus-flat, clear, straightforward: p. 282. 545. Plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum-to applaud, clap, strike, beat: p. 282. 546. Plenus-full: p. 283. 547. Pleo, plere-to fill, fill up: p. 283. 548. Plico, plicare, plicavi, plicatum-to fold, bend, twine, coil: pp. 284-285. 549. Ploro, plorare, ploravi, ploratum-to weep over, wail: p. 285. 550. Plumbum-lead: p. 286. 551. Plus, pluris-more: p. 286. 552. Polio, polire, polii, politum-to smooth, polish, refine: p. 287. 553. Pomum-apple, fruit: p. 287. 554. Pono, ponere, posui, positum-to put, place: p. 288. 555. Pons, pontis-bridge: p. 289. 556. Populus-people: p. 289. 557. Porcus-hog, pig: p. 290. 558. Porta-gate, entrance: p. 290. 559. Porto, portare, portavi, portatum-to carry: p. 291. 560. Possum, posse, potui-to be able, can: p. 292. 561. Post-after, behind, back: p. 292. 562. Poto, potare, potavi, potatum-to drink: p. 293. 563. Prae-before, in front: p. 293. 564. Praeda-booty: p. 293. 565. Praeter-past, by, beyond: p. 293. 566. Precor, precari, precatus sum-to pray, entreat: p. 294. 567. Prehendo, prehendere, prehendi, prehensum-to seize hold of: p. 294. 568. Premo, premere, pressi, pressum-to press: p. 295. 569. Pretium-value, worth, price: p. 296. 570. Primus-foremost, first, chief: p. 296. 571. Prior-former, previous, in front: p. 297. 572. Privus-single, individual: p. 297. 573. Pro-for, on behalf of, forward, before, instead of: p. 297. 574. Probo, probare, probavi, probatum-to prove, test, approve: p. 298. 575. Proles-offspring, progeny: p. 298. 576. Prope-near: p. 298. 577. Proprius-one’s own, personal, special, proper, fitting: p. 299. 578. Proximus-nearest, next: p. 299. 579. Pudeo, pudere, pudui, puditum-to be ashamed: p. 299. 580. Puer-young boy, child: p. 300. 581. Pugna-fight: p. 300. 582. Pullus-young animal: p. 300. 583. Pulmo, pulmonis-lung: p. 300. 584. Pungo, pungere, pupugi, punctum-to point, stab, pierce, prick: p. 301 585. Purus-clean, pure, spotless: p. 301. 586. Pus, puris-fluid from infected tissue: p. 302. 587. Puter, putris-rotten, stinking, decaying: p. 302. 588. Puto, putare, putavi, putatum-to think, reckon, consider, judge, clear: p. 303. 589. Quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum-to seek, ask: p. 304. 590. Qualis-of what kind: p. 305. 591. Quantus-how many, how much: p. 305. 592. Quartus-fourth: p. 306. 593. Quasi-as if, practically, almost: p. 306. 594. Quatio, quatere, quassi, quassum-to shake, strike, shatter: 306. 595. Quattuor-four: p. 307. 596. Queror, queri, questus sum-to complain: p. 307. 597. Qui-who, which: p. 308. 598. Quies, quietis-quiet, rest: p. 308. 599. Quinque-five: p. 309. 600. Quirito, quiritare-to cry out, shout out in complaint: p. 309. 601. Quot-how many: p. 309. 603. Radix, radicis-root: p. 311. 604. Rado, radere, rasi, rasum-to scrape, scratch: p. 311. 605. Ramus-branch: p. 311. 606. Rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum-to snatch, grab, seize: p. 312. 607. Reor, reri, ratus sum-to suppose, think, deem: p. 313. 608. Re-back, again: p. 314. 609. Redo, redare-to make ready: p. 314. 610. Rego, regere, rexi, rectum-to rule, guide, direct: p. 315-316. 611. Repo, repere, repsi, reptum-to crawl, creep: p. 316. 612. Res, rei-thing, matter: p. 317. 613. Rete, retis-net: p. 318. 614. Retro-backward: p. 318. 615. Rideo, ridere, risi, risum-to laugh, smile: p. 318. 616. Rigeo, rigere-to be stiff, be numb: p. 319. 617. Ripa-riverbank, shore: p. 319. 618. Robustus-made of oak, hard, firm, strong: p. 319. 619. Rodo, rodere, rosi, rosum-to gnaw, eat away, chew: p. 320. 620. Rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum-to ask: p. 320. 621. Roma-Rome: p. 321. 622. Rosa-rose: p. 321. 623. Rota-wheel: p. 322. 624. Ruber, rubra, rubrum-red: p. 323. 625. Rudis-coarse, unskilled, awkward, uncultured, untaught: p. 323. 626. Rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum-to burst, rupture: p. 324. 627. Rus, ruris-country: p. 324. 628. Saccharum-sugar: p. 325. 629. Sacer, sacra, sacrum-sacred, holy: p. 325. 630. Saeculum-age, world: p. 326. 631. Sal-salt: p. 326. 632. Salio, salire, salii, saltum-to leap, spring forward, jump: p. 327. 633. Salus, salutis-health, safety, greeting: p. 327. 634. Salvus-safe: p. 328. 635. Sanctus-holy: p. 328. 636. Sanguis, sanguinis-blood: p. 329. 637. Sanus-healthy, sound: p. 329. 638. Sapio, sapere, sapii-to taste, be wise: p. 329. 640. Saturnus-Saturn: p. 330. 641. Scala-ladder: p. 331. 642. Scando, scandere, scandi, scansum-to climb, scan verse: p. 331. 643. Scindo, scindere, scidi, scissum-to split, cleave, tear apart, cut: p. 332. 644. Scintilla-spark: p. 332. 645. Scio, scire, scivi, scitum-to know: p. 333. 646. Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum-to write: p. 334. 647. Scutum-shield: p. 335. 648. Se, Sed-without, apart: p. 335. 649. Seco, secare, secui, sectum-to cut: p. 335. 650. Sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum-to sit: p. 336. 651. Semen, seminis-seed: p. 337. 652. Semi-half: p. 337. 653. Senex-old man: p. 338. 654. Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum-to feel, sense, perceive, notice: p. 339. 655. Sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum-to bury: p. 340. 656. Septem-seven: p. 340. 657. Sequor, sequi, secutus sum-to follow: p. 341. 658. Sero, serere, serui, sertum-to join, string together, connect: p. 341. 659. Servio, servire, servii, servitum-to wait on: p. 342. 660. Servo, servare, servavi, servatum-to guard, keep, save, protect: p. 343. 661. Severus-grave, strict, austere, stern: p. 343. 662. Sex-six: p. 343. 663. Siccus-dry: p. 344. 664. Sidus, sideris-star: p. 344. 665. Signum-mark, seal, sign: p. 345. 666. Silva-forest: p. 346. 667. Similis-like: p. 346. 668. Simul-together, at the same time: p. 346. 669. Sine-without: p. 347. 670. Singulus-one by itself, one at a time, one by one: p. 347. 671. Sinus-curve, fold, hollow: p. 347. 672. Sisto, sistere, sti(e)ti, statum-to stand firm, stand still, erect: p. 348. 673. Situs-positioned, situated: p. 348. 674. Socius-companion, ally: p. 349. 675. Sol-sun: p. 349. 676. Soleo, solere, solitus sum-to be in the habit of, be accustomed, use: p. 350. 677. Solidus-solid, whole: p. 350. 678. Solor, solari, solatus sum-to comfort, mitigate, relieve: p. 350. 679. Solus-sole, alone, lonely: p. 351. 680. Solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum-to loosen, destroy: p. 352. 681. Somnus-sleep: p. 352. 682. Sono, sonare, sonavi, sonatum-to sound: p. 353. 683. Sorbeo, sorbere, sorbui, sorbitum—to suck up, soak up: p. 354. 684. Soror-sister: p. 354. 685. Sors, sortis-lot, fortune, condition, rank, class, order: p. 354. 686. Spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum-to scatter, besprinkle: p. 355. 687. Spatium-distance: p. 355. 688. Specio, specere, spexi, spectum-to see, observe, look, watch over: pp. 356-357. 689. Spero, sperare, speravi, speratum-to hope, hope for: p. 357. 690. Spira-a coil: p. 357. 691. Spiro, spirare, spiravi, spiratum-to breathe: p. 358. 692. Splendidus-bright, shining: p. 358. 693. Spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum-to pledge: p. 359. 694. Stagnum-a pool of standing water: p. 359. 695. Stella-star: p. 359. 696. Sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum-to spread out, strew, extend: p. 360. 697. Stilus-pointed instrument for writing: p. 360. 698. Stilla-drop: p. 361. 699. Stinguo, stinguere, stinxi, stinctum-to quench, pierce, prick: p. 361. 700. Sto, stare, steti, statum-to stand: pp. 362-364. 701. Stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictum-to draw or tie tight, tighten: p. 364. 702. Struo, struere, struxi, structum-to build, construct: p. 365. 703. Studeo, studere, studui-to have zeal for, devote onself to: p. 366. 704. Stupeo, stupere, stupui-to becomed dazed, be amazed, be brainless: p. 366. 705. Suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum-to advise, recommend, urge: p. 366. 706. Sub-under, from below, at the foot of, to the foot of: p. 367. 707. Sudo, sudare, sudavi, sudatum-to sweat: p. 367. 708. Suesco, suescere, suevi, suetum-to accustom, get accustomed to: p. 367. 709. Sum, esse, fui, futurus-to be, exist: p. 368. 710. Summus-extreme, highest, topmost, principal, chief: p. 369. 711. Sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum-to take up: p. 369. 712. Suo, suere, sui, sutum-to sew, stitch together: p. 369. 713. Super-over, above: p. 370. 714. Surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum-to rise, get up: p. 371. 715. Sus-hog, swine: p. 371. 716. Tabula-board, plank, slate: p. p. 372. 717. Taceo, tacere, tacui-to be silent, be quiet: p. 372. 718. Taedium-weariness, irksomeness, ennui: p. 372. 719. Talea-a cutting: p. 372. 720. Tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum-to touch: p. 373. 721. Tardus-slow: p. 374. 722. Taurus-bull: p. 374. 723. Tego, tegere, texi, tectum-to cover, shield, conceal, protect: p. 375. 724. Tempero, temperare, temperavi, temperatum-to regulate, mix properly: p. 375. 725. Tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum-to touch, feel, attack, urge: p. 376. 726. Tempus, temporis-time, side of the forehead: p. 376. 727. Tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensum (tentum)-to stretch: p. 377. 728. Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum-to hold: p. 378. 729. Tener-delicate, soft, young: p. 379. 730. Tenuis-thin, narrow: p. 379. 731. Terminus-boundary, end: p. 379. 732. Tero, terere, trivi, tritum-to rub, wear away: p. 380. 733. Terra-earth, land: p. 380. 734. Terreo, terrere, terrui, territum-to scare: p. 381. 735. Tertius-third: p. 381. 736. Testis-witness, proof: p. 381. 737. Texo, texere, texui, textum-to weave, plait, construct with care: p. 382. 738. Timeo, timere, timui-to fear, be afraid: p. 382. 739. Tingo, tingere, tinxi, tinctum-to dye, wet, stain: p. 382. 740. Titulus-label, title: p. 383. 741. Tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum-to raise, lift up, carry: p. 383. 742. Tono, tonare, tonui, tonitum-to thunder: p. 383. 743. Torpeo, torpere-to be stiff, be numb, be lethargic: p. 384. 744. Torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum-to twist: p. 384. 745. Torreo, torrere, torrui, tostum-to parch, dry up, burn: p. 385. 746. Totus-whole, entire: p. 385. 747. Toxicum-poison: p. 385. 748. Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum-to draw, drag, pull: pp. 386-387. 749. Trans-across, through: p. 387. 750. Tremo, tremere, tremui-to shake, tremble: p. 387. 751. Trepidus-alarmed, anxious: p. 388. 752. Tres-three: p. 388. 753. Tribus-tribe, division of the Roman people: p. 389. 754. Tricor, tricari, tricatus sum-to play tricks, entangle, make difficulties: p. 389. 755. Trudo, trudere, trusi, trusum-to thrust, push: p. 389. 756. Trunco, truncare, truncavi, truncatum-to cut, mutilate: p. 390. 757. Tueor, tueri, tuitus (tutus) sum-to protect, look after, keep safe: p. 390. 758. Tumeo, tumere, tumui-to swell: p. 391. 759. Tundo, tundere, tutudi, tusum-to beat, bruise, pulp, crush 760. Turbo, turbare, turbavi, turbatum-to disturb, confuse, trouble, muddy: p. 392. 761. Turris-tower: p. 392. 762. Ubi-where: p. 393. 763. Ultra-beyond: p. 393. 764. Umbra-shade: p. 394. 765. Unda-wave: p. 394. 766. Unguo, unguere, unxi, unctum-to anoint, smear with oil: p. 394. 767. Unus-one: p. 395. 768. Urbs, urbis-city: p. 396. 769. Utor, uti, usus sum-to use: p. 397. 770. Vaco, vacare, vacavi, vacatum-to be empty, have leisure: p. 398. 771. Vado, vadere, vasi-to go, proceed, advance: p. 398. 772. Vagor, vagari, vagatus sum-to wander, roam, rove: p. 398. 773. Valeo, valere, valui, valitum-to be strong, be well, be of value: p. 399. 774. Vallum-rampart, palisade: p. 400. 775. Vanus-empty, hollow, illusory, vain: p. 400. 776. Vapor-steam, exhalation: p. 400. 777. Varius-diverse, different, manifold, varying, various: p. 401. 778. Vas-dish, vessel: pl 402. 779. Vastus-desolate, laid waste, huge, enormous: p. 402. 780. Veho, vehere, vexi, vectum-to carry: p. 402. 781. Vello, vellere, velli, vulsum-to pluck, pull out, tear up: p. 403. 782. Velox, velocis-fast, swift: p. 403. 783. Velum-sail, curtain, veil: p. 403. 784. Vena-blood-vessel, vein of ore, vein: p. 404. 785. Veneror, venerari, veneratus sum-to worship, revere, honor: p. 404. 786. Venio, venire, veni, ventum-to come: p. 405. 787. Venter, ventris-belly, abdomen, stomach: p. 406. 788. Ventus-wind: p. 406. 789. Ver, veris-spring: p. 406. 790. Verbum-word: p. 407. 791. Vereor, vereri, veritus sum-to fear, feel awe: p. 407. 792. Vergo, vergere-to incline, bend, sink: p. 408. 793. Vermis-worm: p. 408. 794. Verto, vertere, verti, versum-to turn: pp. 409-410. 795. Verus-true: p. 411. 796. Vestigium-footprint: p. 411. 797. Vestis-garment: p. 411. 798. Vetus, veteris-old, long-standing: p. 412. 799. Via-road: p. 412. 800. Vibro, vibrare, vibravi, vibratum-to shake, vibrate: p. 413. 802. Vicus-village, hamlet: p. 413. 803. Video, videre, vidi, visum-to see: pp. 414-415. 804. Vigeo, vigere, vigui-to be lively, active: p. 415. 805. Vilis-contemptible, mean, common, cheap, base: p. 416. 806. Villa-farmhouse, house: p. 416. 807. Vinco, vincere, vici, victum-to conquer, win: p. 417. 808. Vindex, vindicis-claim, avenger, surety, defender, revenge: p. 417. 809. Vinum-wine: p. 418. 810. Vir-man: p. 419. 811. Viridis-green: p. 420. 812. Virus-poison: p. 420. 813. Vis-force, power, energy, violence: p. 421. 814. Viscera-entrails, internal organs: p. 421. 815. Viscum-mistletoe, birdlime: p. 421. 816. Vita-life: p. 422. 817. Vitium-flaw, defect, vice: p. 423. 818. Vitrum-glass: p. 423. 819. Voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum-to call: p. 424. 820. Volo, volare, volavi, volatum-to fly: p. 425. 821. Volo, velle, volui-to wish, want: p. 425. 822. Volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum-to roll, wrap up, turn round: p. 426. 823. Voro, vorare, voravi, voratum-to eat: p. 427. 824. Voveo, vovere, vovi, votum-to vow, pledge, wish: p. 427. 825. Vulgo, vulgare, vulgavi, vulgatum-to make common, publish: p. 428.

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