M045doc.pdf
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cJhaMumif; jrefrmEdkifiH txufydkif;ü omoemESpf 1601-ckepfupí omoem xGef;vif;cJhaMumif;? omoemudk
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jcif;jzifh Oygoum Oygodumrtjzpfudk cH,lMuí ig;yg;
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trsdK;orD;wdkYu tBudrfBudrf awmif;yefMuaomfvJ rSwfyHkwif tcuftcJaMumifh yHkrESdyfjzpfcJhyg/
,ckrl a'gufwm OD;jrifhaqGu q&m0ef avmuü ta&;wBuD; vdktyfaom jyóem ig;&yfwdkYudk
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3/ aoG;wdk;a&m*g ponf jzpfjcif;ESifh xl;jcm;pGm touf½SnfMujcif;wdkYrSm tb,ftaMumif;rsm;aMumifh
txufygar;cGef; 3-csufrSm t|uxmwdkYü ajymjy&ef cufonf-[k qdkxm;aom tcufBuD; 4-rsdK;ESifh
pyfqdkifvsuf½Sd\/ ¤if;tcufBuD; 4-rsdK;rSm-
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trSwf 1-ar;cGef;onf trSwf 3-tcuftcJESifhpyfqdkif\/
trSwf 2-ar;cGef;onf trSwf 2-tcuftcJESifhpyfqdkif\/
trSwf 3-ar;cGef;onf trSwf 4-tcuftcJESifhpyfqdkif\/
okdYjzpfí ar;cGef; 3-csufvHk;yif oabmus auseyfavmufatmif ajzqdk&efcuffcJaom t&mcsnf;
jzpfonfjhyif? vufawGY om"ursm;ESifhvnf; ESD;aESmí ½Sif;vif;jy&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh omíyif cufcJvsuf½Sd\/
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a½S;acwfu omrefvlrsm; rawGYjrifEdkifcJhaom t&mrsm;udk ,ckacwfvlwdkY rsufjrifudk,fawGY jzpfaeMu\/
xdkYtwl ,ckacwfvlwdkY rawGYjrifEdkifaom t&mrsm;udkvnf; aemifacwfvlwdkY rsufjrifudk,fawGY jzpfMuayOD;rnf/
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(ar;cGef;ESifh tajzrsm;udk wykd'fpDyl;wGJí jyqdkoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;/)
ar;/ /(u) 0,"r®m ocFg&m tyÜrma'e or®ma'x-[laom bk&m;½Sif\ w&m;awmft& ]]jzpfwwfaom
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ajz/ /(u) vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; 2500-ausmf umvu avmuü yGifhxGef;awmfrlcJhaom Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;
onf owå0gwdkY jzpfpOfb0rsm;udk udk,fwdkifawGY odjrifNyD;vQif xkwfaz: a[mMum;xm;cJh\/ ¤if;wdkYrSm ½kyfemrf
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a½S;a½S;pdwfrsm; ukefqHk;oGm;wdkif; xdkpdwfrsm;\ t[kefaMumifh aemufaemuf pdwfrsm; rjywfqufpyfum jzpfae
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ac: om;tdrfaMum twGif;0,f aygif;pyf&ygonf/ xdkodkY aygif;pyfNyD;rS jzpfvmaom tpdwftydkif;onf oaE¨OD; tp
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2/ rmwm p OwkeD a[mwd? rdcifrSmvnf; Owkyef;
3/ *E¨aAÁm p ypöKy|dawm a[mwd? oli,favmif; jzpfol
{0H wdPÖH oEédygwm *AÇó0uúEÅd a[mwd-
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txufyg t*Fg oHk;yg;wdkYwGif trSwf (1) t*FgrSm taemufEdkifiH q&m0efwdkY\ udk,fawGYrsm;ç aq;usrf;
rsm;ESifh nDaeaomaMumifh txl;ajym&ef rvdkNyD/
trSwf (2) Owkyef;yGifhonf[k qdkaom t*FgrSm ,ckacwf taemufEdkifiH q&m0efwdkY\ udk,fawGYESifh
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usqif;jcif;onf Owkyef;yGifhNyD;aom tcgüomjzpf\/ Owkyef; ryGifhaom t½G,fra&mufao;olç t½G,fvGefolwdkYü
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xdkYjyif tdkAmac:om;O usqif;onfh tcsdefumvudk omrefvlwdkY rodEdkif/ taemufwdkif; q&m0efwdkY odMuonf
rSmvnf; tESpf (300)xuf Mumjrifh[ef rwlao;? bk&m;vufxuf ESpfaygif; 2500-ausmf umvurl xdktaMumif;
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[laom tcsufudkum; a½S;a½S;umvuyif txift½Sm; odaeMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]vltrsm; em;vnfaeaom Owkyef;
yGifhjcif;jzifhyif owfrSwfí a[mxm;onf}}[k ,lqvQif ,ckacwf q&m0efwdkY\ udk,fawGYESifhvnf; nDnGwfonf
om/ þt&mü jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;awmfrSm aq;uk&ef r[kwfaomaMumifh tao;pdwftm;jzifh twdtus a[m&ef
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vufawGY prf;oyfoifjy&ef rjzpfEdkifonfudk¤if; xnfhoGif;í pOf;pm;oifh\/
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xdkoli,favmif;onf pygr,fwdkZGm (Spermatozoa) ac: okwfydk;\udk,fxJü jzpfcJhoavm/ tdkAm (Ova)
ac: om;OxJü jzpfcJhoavm/ odkYr[kwf ¤if;ESpfrsdK;wdkY aygif;pyfNyD;aom om;rsdK;½kyfxJü jzpfcJhoavm[k pDppfzG,f
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od&do,ae edyEém ed'´H Mouúrrmem £'H okydeH t'´o/ (r-|
4-124)/ 'D-|2-23- rSmvnf; tvm;wljyqdkvsuf½Sd\/
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udef;atmif;vsuf½Sdonf}}[k odtyf\/ Oykofaqmufwnfaom eHeuftcsdefrSpí y#doaE¨wnfaom nOfhoefaumif
tcsdefwdkifatmif 18-em&DcefY½Sdrnf/ xdk 18-em&DcefYtwGif;rSmjzpfap? xdkxufapmapm tcsdefem&Drsm;twGif;ujzpfap?
ygVdusrf;*ef a0g[m&tm;jzifh aomPdw (aoG;) q&m0efwdkY\ a0g[m&tm;jzifh tdkAm(om;O)onf r,fawmf\
om;OtdrfüuscJhí crnf;awmf\ okwfydk;ESifh aygif;pyfrdNyD; jzpf&rnf/ xdkESpfyg;pHk aygif;pyfNyD;jzpfaom oaE¨rsdK;
½kyfxJü bk&m;tavmif;\ arwåma½SUoGm;½Sdaom ukodkvfuHaMumifhjzpfaom um,'ouç bm0'ouç 0w¬K'ou
ac: uvmyf 3-pD; ½kyfaygif; 30-ESifhwuG bk&m;tavmif;\ y#doaE¨pdwf jzpfay:cJhonf[lí¤if;? wnfrSD&m
jzpfaom okwfaoG;ESpfOD;pyf om;rsdK;½kyfESifhwuG uvmyf 3-pD; ½kyfaygif; 30-udk uvva&Munf½kyf ac:onf
txufygbk&m;tavmif; y#doaE¨wnfyHkudk axmufqí trd0rf;ü y#doaE¨wnfaomtcsdefudk þodkY
pmrsufESm (29) tajzüjycJhaom y#doaE¨wnfjcif;\ t*Fg 3-yg;wdkYwGif rdbESpfOD; oH0goûyjcif;[laom
yXr t*Fgjzifh rsdK;aphokwfydk; &jcif;udkom jy\/ xdktcdkufrSmyif oaE¨wnfonf[líum; rqdkvdk/ rdcifrSm Owk
yef;yGifhonf [laom 'kwd,t*Fgjzifh OwkaoG;pifNyD;aemuf om;O&½Sdjcif;udkom jy\/ xdkOwkyef; yGifhqJrSmyif
oaE¨rsdK; ½kyfa&Munftjzpfü wnfaepOftwGif; xdkrdcif\0rf;ü jzpfxdkufaom owå0gu b0a[mif;rS aovmonfh
þt&mü oaE¨wnfí BuD;xGm;vmyHkudk Ak'¨w&m;awmft& tm;jzifh¤if;? ,ckacwf aq;ynmt&tm;jzifh¤if;
tusOf;csKyf xkwfazmfvsuf ESD;aESmjyOD;tHh/
Ak'¨bmom w&m;awmft& oaE¨wnfNyD; BuD;yGm;vmyHk
(1) yXrH uvvH a[mwd? a½S;OD;pGm uvva&Munf jzpfay:vmonf/
(2) uvvm a[mwd tAÁK'H? uvv a&MunfrS tom; aq;&nfta&mif½Sdaom
(3) oAÁK'g Zm,aw ayod? tjr§KyfrSûiyf&nfESpfuJhodkY om;wpfjzpfonf/
(4) ayod edAÁwåaw Caem? om;wpfrS tpdkiftcJ jzpfvmonf/
(5) Cem yomcg Zm,EÅd? tpdkiftcJrS acgif;ç vufç ajcç cufr ig;ck jzpfvmonf/
(6) auom avmrm emcgydp? qHyifç tarG;ç ajconf;ç vufonf;rsm;vnf; jzpfvmMuonf/ (oH 1-208)
txufygrSm ]]uav;oli,fonf trd0rf;wGif;ü udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif; tjynfhtpHk wûydifeuf jzpfay:
vmonf}}[k t,lrSm;aomoltm; jrwfpGmbk&m;u ajz½Sif;a[mjyaom w&m;awmf jzpfonf? þw&m;awmfü
umvva&Munfu &ufaygif;rnfrQ tjr§Kyfu &ufaygif;rnfrQ ponfjzifh tydkif;tjcm;ryg? jzpfpOf oufoufudkom
t|uxmwdkYüum; ]]uvva&Munf (7) &uf? tjr§Kyf (7) &uf? om;wpf (7) &uf? tpdkiftcJ (7) &uf?
cufr ig;ck (7) &uf}}[k &ufowåig;ywfjzifh owfrSwfjyNyD;vQif ]]qHyifç tarT; ponfwdkYrSm &ufowå (42)ywfü
jzpfMuukefonf}}[k jyqdkxm;\/ ypädrb0du bk&m;tavmif;awmfuJhodkY 10-v y#doaE¨ ae&aomoludk &nfí 42-
1/ &ufowåywf 3-ywfwdkifatmif om;Oonf om;tdrfü rwG,f
rdao;? pwkw¬ywfrSm om;tdrfü wG,frdonf/ om;OrSm yuwd
rsufpdjzifh aumif;pGm rjrifEdkifatmif tvGefao;i,fvsuf ½Sdao;
2/ yOörywftwGif;rSm ausm½dk;quf ig;ckrS½Spfcktxdjzpfvmonf/
om;aumif\t½SnfrSm wvufr\ 12-yHk 1-yHk ½Sdonf/
3/ q|rywftprSm OD;acgif;yHkoP²mefay:vmonf/ ¤if;rSmvnf;
udk,fydkif;xuf BuD;vsuf½Sd\/ ESvHk;om;udkvnf; awGYjrifEdkif
\/ ¤if;q|rywftukefrSm ausm½dk;tukef jynfhpHkonf/
ajcvufrsm;xGufay:p ûyvsuf½Sd\/ rsufvHk; jzpfrnfhae&m
ta&cGHrsm;wGif edrfhcGufvm\/ udk,ft½Snf wvufr\
4/ owårywfrSm &ifbuf 0rf;Adkuf tjynfhtpHkjzpfvmonf/
ajcacsmif; vufacsmif;rsm; ay:vGifpûyvmonf/ rsufvHk;rsm;
jywfom;xif½Sm;vmonf/ udk,ft½Snf vufr0uf½Sd\/
5/ t|rywfrSm rsufESm t*Fgrsm; ay:vGifvsuf½Sdonf/ em;½Guf
rsm;vnf; xGufay:vmonf/ udk,ft½Snf wvufr\ ½SpfyHk
6/ e0rywfrSm udk,ft½Snf wvufrESifh ig;yHkwyHk½Sdonf/
7/ 3-vtukef 13-ywfcGJrSm vufacsmif; ajcacsmif;rsm; jynfh0
vsuf vufonf; ajconf;rsm; aygufvmonf/ em;½Gufrsm;
jynfh0vsuf ½Sdonf/ vdift*Fgrsm; xif½Sm;vmonf/ udk,f
8/ 4-vtukef 18-ywfrSm uav;vIyf½Sm;onfudk rdcifawGY
&onf/ ESvHk;ckefonfudkvnf; Mum;&onf/ xdkYaMumifh xdk
tcgrSm q&m0efwdkYu uav;touf0ifonf[k todtrSwf
ûyMuonf/ uav;\ wudk,fvHk;rSm arT;n§if;Ek uav;rsm;
jynfhvsuf½Sdonf/ rsufcHk;arT; rsufawmifarT;rsm;vnf;
aygufvmonf/ udk,ft½Snf ½SpfvufrcGJ½Sdonf/
9/ 5-vtukef 22-ywfcGJrSm qHyifrsm; aygufvmonf/ udk,f
t½Snf 12-vufr½Sdonf/ arG;vQif rdepf tenf;i,frQom
touf½Sifrnf/ rnfonfhtcgrQ tzwftwifEdkif/
10/ 6-vtukef 27-ywfrSm rsufvHk;rsm; yGifhvmonf/ udk,f
t½Snf 14-vufr½Sdonf/ arG;vQif em&D tenf;i,fom
11/ 7-v tukef 31-ywfwGif arG;aom uav;rSm touf
½Sif&ef taMumif;toifhtwifh½Sdonf/ udk,ft½Snf 19vufr
12/ 8-vtukef 35-ywfü arG;aomuav;rSm touf½Sif&ef
taMumif;rsm;pGm ½Sdonf/ 8-vzGm;uav; toufr½Sif[kqdk
aom a½S;t,l0g' rSm;onf/ udk,ft½Snf 18vufr ½Sdonf/
13/ 9-vtukef &ufowåywf 40-rSm aeYaphvaphjzpfonf/
txufygrSm ,ckacwf aq;ynmt& rdcifESifh y#doaE¨ac: pmtkyfü azmfjyxm;aom oaE¨om; BuD;yGm;yHk
oaE¨wnfonfESifhwNydKifeuf touf0ifygovm;
ar;/ /(*) aemufqHk; "r®wm ay:vmNyD;onfhaemuf aemufwBudrf "r®wmay:rnfh&ufwGif "r®wm
rvmaomtcg oaE¨om;onf wv½SdNyD[k rSwf,l&onf/
oaE¨ av;vajrmufaomtcg om;tdrftwGif;ü ½Sdaom oaE¨om;onf vIyf½Sm;pûyí vmonfudkyif
acwfynmt& touf0ifonf[k qdkygonf/ ]]Ak'¨ w&m;awmft&rl oaE¨wnfonfESifh wûydifeuf ½kyfa&memrfyg
wnfonf[k qdkojzifh oaE¨wnfonfESifh wûydifeuf touf½Sdonf}}[k qdk&ma&mufygonf/ acwfynm aq;usrf;
t& oaE¨om; av;vajrmufaomtcg oaE¨om;\ ESvHk;om; vIyf½Sm;onfhtoHudk rdcif\Adkufay:rSaeí em;axmif
aq;ynmt& ]]rrf;r,fvf (Mam Mal)ac: ausm½dk;½Sdaom owå0grSeforQwdkYonf tzdkESifhtr oH0go
oH0goûyonfwdkifatmifvnf; tcsdKYtzdkrsm;wGif pygr,fwdkZGmac: taumifuav;rsm; okwfa&wGif;ü vHk;0
rMumrDu tdE´d,jynf 0efBuD;csKyf *s0g[vmae½l;onf oaE¨wm;qD;a&;udk ta&;wBuD; vHIYaqmfaeygonf/
oaE¨ wm;qD;a&;twGuf aq;rsm;pGmwdkYonf ,cktcg ay:aygufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ xdkaq;rsm;udk toHk;ûyygu
oaE¨wnfEdkifonfh okwfaoG;wGif yg½Sdaom pygr,fwdkZGmwdkY aoaMuysufpD;ukefygonf/ odkYygaomaMumifh-
Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ]]oaE¨wnfonfESifhwûydifeuf touf0ifonf}}[k¤if;? acwfynm aq;usrf;t& ]]av;v
ajrmufrS touf0ifonf}} [k¤if;? uGJvGJaeonfudk rnfuJhodkY nd§EdIif;,loifhygoenf;/
ajz/ /(*) tajz (c) yg Ak'¨w&m;awmfu jyqdkcsufESifh aq;ynmt& jyqdkcsufwdkYudk ESD;aESmMunfhvQif
w&m;awmfu oaE¨½kyf BuD;yGm;vmyHkudk tpydkif;ü ]]uvvç tAÁK'ç ayodç Ce}}[k 4-qifh jyxm;\/ aq;ynmt&
xdkuJhodkY jyxm;onfudk rawGY&aomfvnf; oabmtm;jzifh wlnDbG,f½Sd\/ xdkYtjyif w&m;awmfu CerS acgif;ç
vufç ajcç cufrig;ck ay:vmonfqdkaom pum;ESifh aq;ynmu q|rywf tpü acgif;ay:vmonf/ q|rywf
tukefrSm vufç ajcrsm; ay:vmonf[k jyqdkcsufrSm nDnGwfvsuf½Sd\ ]]yOörywfü cufrig;ckay:vmonf}}[k
qdkaom t|uxmrSmrl aq;ynmu jyqdkcsufESifh tenf;i,f uGJvGJouJhodkY ½Sd\/ okdYaomfvnf; yOörywf tqHk;ESifh
q|rywftprSm wqufwnf;yif jzpfaomaMumifh eD;pyfvsufyif½Sd\/ yOörywftwGif;uyif rodrom jzpfpûyvm onfvnf; jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh tawmftwef nDnGwfonf [líom qdkoifh\/ þpmtkyf 40-wGif (Eden and Holland's Manual of Obsfefrics)rS ul,lazmfjyxm;aom yHkrsm;t&qdkvQif tuGJtjym;r½Sd nDnGwf[ef vuPm
½Sd\/ aoaocsmcsm uGJvGJaeaom tcsufrSm touf0dnmOfay:vmaom tcsdefyif jzpfonf/ ¤if;udkvnf; atmufyg
pdwf0dnmOfonf tvGefodrfarGY\ yuwd rsufpdjzifh¤if;? rSefbDvl;jzifh¤if; Munfhí rjrifEdkif? tbdÓPfç
0dyóemÓPf paom ynmrsufpdjzifhomvQif jrifodEdkifayonf/ xdkYaMumifh Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;u ynmrsufpdjzifh
odawmfrlonfhtwkdif; ]]rdbwdkY\okwfaoG; OwkESifhwuG ur®Z½kyf (30) [laom uvv a&Munf½kyfxJrSmyif
y#doaE¨ 0dnmOfpí jzpfonf}}[k a[mxm;ayonf/ xdkpOftcgrSm okwfydk;tcdkufuuJhodkY vIyf½Sm;&ef vdkonfhtcg
vnf; r[kwf? vIyf½Sm;jcif;rSmvnf; pdwfa&m½kyfyg ESpfyg;pvHk; tm;½Sdonfhtcgüom jzpfEdkifonf/ tm;r½Sdao;pOf
tcgü rdef;arm awGa0aeaom oluJhodkYyif rvIyf½Sm;Edkif? uvv a&Munfpaom oli,f\ ½kyfrSm rdef;arm awGa0ae
ol\ ½kyfxufyif odrfarGYvsuf tm;enf;ao;\/ xdkYaMumifh av;vtwGif;ü touf0dnmOf½Sdaomfvnf; rvIyfbJ
½SdcJhayonf/ q&m0efwdkYrSmrlum; oli,f\ tvGefodrfarGUaom xdky#doaE¨pdwf0dnmOf udk¤if;? vlBuD;wpfa,muf\
xdkrQavmuf rodrfarGYaom pdwf0dnmOfudk¤if;? rnfonfh pdwf0dnmOfudkrQ rawGUrjrifEdkifMu? ½kyftrlt&mudkomvQif
awGYjrifEdkifMu\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]uav;oli,f\ vIyf½Sm;jcif; ESvHk;ckefjcif; udkomvQif taxmuftxm;ûyí av;v½SdrS
touf0ifonf}}[k owfrSwfxm;Muonf/ xdkowfrSwfcsufudkvnf; pdppfMunfhoifhao;\/ touf0ifonfESifh
wûydifeufyif vIyf½Sm;oavm/ odkYr[kwf ]]touf0ifNyD;aemuf puúefY rdepf rnfrQMumrS vIyf½Sm;oenf;}}[k pdppf
Munfhoifh\/ xdkodkY pdppfMunfhvQif twdtus ajymqdk&ef cJ&if;ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]vIyf½Sm;rS touf0ifonf[k
,lqcsufudk wdusrSefuefNyD}}[k rqdkEdkif/
xdkYjyif pdwf½Tifvef;vQif ½kyf½Tifvef;\ pdwfñdI;EGrf;vQif ½kyfñdI;EGrf;\/ xdkYaMumifh av;vrjynfhrDu oaE¨½kyf
ü ½Tefvef;rIç ñdI;EGrf;rI tajymif;tvJudk prf;oyf Munfhjcif;jzifh xdkpOfumvu pdwf0dnmOf½Sdç r½Sdudk qHk;jzwfEdkif&m\/
,ck acwfü xdk½kyf tajymif;tvJudk rjrifEdkifao;vQif aemifwacwfü jrifEdkifolwdkY ay:vmbG,f ½Sd\/
xdkYjyif (1) rdbESpfOD;wdkY oH0goûyjcif;? (2) rdcifrSm Owkyef;yGif;jcif;[laom t*FgESpfyg; ½Sdaomfvnf;
oli,favmif;u r½SdvQif y#doaE¨ rwnfEdkif[k (r 1-332-rSmyif) qdkxm;\/ ¤if;jzifhokwfydk;ESifh om;OodkY aygif;pyf
rdaomfvnf; oli,favmif;\ pdwf0dnmOf r0ifa&mufvmvQif ¤if;om;rsdK;½kyf ysufpD;oGm;onf[k qdkvdkaomaMumifh
pygr,fwdkZGmESifh tdkAmwdkY aygifpyfNyD;rS 7-&uftwGif;rSm ysufpD;jcif; ½Sdç r½Sdudk Munfh½Iívnf; uvva&Munf
tcdkufu 0dnmOf touf0ifç r0ifudk odEdkif&m\/
tMurf;tm;jzifh jy&vQif ypönf;rJh vlqif;&Jrsm;rSm om;ç orD; aygrsm;\? trsm;tm;jzifh ypönf;½Sdol vl
csrf;omrsm;rSm om;orD;enf;yg;\/ xdkodkY jzpfjcif;rSm ]]rdbrsm;\ ADZrsdK;aph½kyfaMumifhcsnf; r[kwfwef&m? vl
csrf;omjzpf&ef ukodkvfuH ½SdolwdkY enf;yg;aomaMumifhvnf; jzpfonf}}[k Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmft& ,lqtyf\/
odkYjzpfí jyqdkcJhaom taMumif;rsm;udk axmufqaom tm;jzifh av;vrwdkifrDu oaE¨½kyfrSm vIyf½Sm;jcif;
aoG;ckefEIef;rsm; r½Sdao;aomfvnf; Ak'¨jhrwfpGmbk&m; a[mjyxm;onfhtwdkif;yif okwfESifh aoG;OwdkY aygif;pyfrdNyD;
aemuf 7-&uftwGif; uvva&Munf tcdkufuyif y#doaE¨odnmOfpdwf píjzpfay:cJhonf/ av;v½dSaomtcg
vIyf½Sm;Edkifatmif ukd,ft*Fgrsm;ESifh ESvHk;aoG;aMumrsm; jynfhpHkvmaomaMumifh xdktcgusrS vIyf½Sm;onf/ ESvHk;aoG;
ar;/ /(C) Ak'¨w&m;awmft& owå0gwdkY\ pkwdpdwfusaomtcdkuf? rdbESpfyg;wdkY\ oH0go ûyaom
tcdkuf? þodkY qHk;qnf;csdefwGif oaE¨wnfonf[k¤if;? acwfynmaq;usrf;t& rdbESpfyg; oH0goûyaomtcg
tb\ okwfxJrS pygr,fwdkZGm taumifuav;onf rdcif\ tdkaA&D rsdK;aphtdrfrS tdkAmqdkonfh tpdwftydkif; wckESifh
om;tdrfaMum twGif;0,f aygif;pyfaomtcg oaE¨wnfonf[k¤if; qdkMuygonf/ rnfuJhodkY ñSdEdIif;,loifhyg
ajz/ /(C) þ (C) ar;cGef;rSm pmrsufESm 34-oaE¨wnfcsdef qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh ajzNyD;jzpfavNyD/ ¤if;udk
ar;/ /(i) tu,fí *s0g[vmae½l;\ qE´t& oaE¨wm;qD;a&; atmifjrifcJhygaomf vlYavmuü
vljzpfvmMu&rnfh owå0gwdkYtbdkY &cJaom 'kv’bBuD;wck qHk;½IH;&awmhrnf jzpfaomaMumifh xdkowå0gwdkY\ uH
w&m;udk rnfuJhodkY a0bef&ygrnfenf;/
ajz/ /(i) y#doaE¨ wm;qD;a&; atmifjrifaomfvnf; ¤if;udk vlwdkif;u toHk;ûyMurnf r[kwf/
xdkYaMumifh vljzpf&ef uH½SdolwdkYrSm ¤if;wdkY\ uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpfp&mrdcifXme ½Sdrnfom? tcsdKYrSm jzpfcGifhr&bJ½dSrnf
r[kwfavm[k ar;p&m½Sdyg\/ odkYaomf xdkodkYjzpfcGifhr&Muaom olwdkYrSm vljzpf&ef uHrcdkifvHkaomaMumifh[k
,l&rnf/ Oyrm vljzpf&ygaomfvnf; trd0rf;wGif;rSmyif ysufpD;&aom olrsm; arG;NyD;aemufrMumrDyif ysufpD;&aom
þt&mü y#doaE¨ wm;aq;udk oHk;aomolrsm; Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ygPmwdygwuH xdkufç rxdkufudk
ar;bG,f½Sdao;\/ tajzrSm touf0dnmOfa&mufvsuf y#doaE¨wnfNyD;rS aoysufaponfh aq;jzpfvQif ygPmwd
ygwuHxdkuf\/ odkYr[kwfygbJ tb\ okwf"mwfudk ysufpD;apíjzpfap? trd\aoG; (om;O)udk ysufpD;apíjzpfap?
y#doaE¨wnfjcif;yif vHk;vHk;uif;apaom aq;jzpfvQifum; Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ygPmwdygwuHxdkufonf-[krqdkEdkif?
1/ towfcH&aom t&mrSm owå0g[kwfjcif;/
2/ owfolu ¤if;udk owå0g[k trSwf½Sdjcif;/
5/ ¤if; owå0gaojcif; [laom þ t*Fgig;yg;vHk; pHkvifrS uHxdkufonf?
þy#doaE¨t&mü pygr,fwdkZGmudk vIyf½Sm;oGm;vmjcif;ç ydk;aumifESifh oP²mefwljcif;wdkYaMumifh aq;ynm
t& okwfydk;[k ac:xm;aomfvnf; pdwf0dnmOf½Sdonf-[k rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh ¤if;udk Ak'¨w&m;awmft& owå0g-[k
todtrSwf rûy/ xdkYtwlyif tkdAmac: om;Ooufoufudkvnf; owå0g-[k todtrSwfrûy/ xdkYaMumifh yXrt*Fg
csdKY,Gif;vsuf½Sd\/ okwfydk;ESifh om;OwdkY apmapmuyif ysufpD;aevQif aygif;pyfEdkifcGifh y#doaE¨0dnmOf wnfEdkifcGifh
r½SdawmhNyD/ xdkYaMumifh owå0gaojcif;vnf; r½SdawmhNyD/ yOört*Fg csdKY,Gif;vsuf ½Sdjyef\/ þodkY yXrESifh yOört*Fg
ESpfyg; csdKY,Gif;aomaMumifh y#doaE¨ wnfEdkifcGifhyif r½Sdatmif wm;qD;aom aq;udk oHk;aom oltm; ygPmwdygw
uH xdkufonf-[k rqdkEdkif? Oyrm-om;orD; r&vdkaomaMumifh oH0gorûybJ a½SmifMuOfaeoltm; ygPmwdygwuH
xdkufonf-[k rqdkEdkifouJhodkYyif rSwf&m\/
ar;/ /(p) rdcif\ rsdK;aphtdrfrS tdkAmonf rdcif\OwkaoG; ay:vmNyD;aemuf 13-&uf 14-&uf
ajrmufaomaeYü rsdK;aphtdrfu uRwfusvmygonf/ rsdK;aphtdrfwGif ½SdaepOfu ¤if;tdkAmonf ojyufoD;ESifh oP²mef
wlygonf/ ojyufoD;rS taphuRwfusaomtcg tcGHonf rsdK;aphtdrfwGif usef&pfouJhodkY xdkYtwlyif ¤if;tdkAmonf
rSnfhí uRwfusNyD;aomtcg rsdK;aphtdrfu usefae&pfygonf/ xdkYaemuf ¤if;tdkAmonf rdwfbufjzpfaom pygr,f
wdkZGmESifh awGY&ef om;tdrfaMum atmufodkY qif;&ygonf/ OwkaoG; vmNyD;onfhaemuf 3-4-5-&uftwGif;rSm
oH0go ûyaomfvnf; oaE¨rwnfEdkifyg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tdkAmonf xdktcsddefü atmufodkYrqif;? rSnfhvnf;
rrSnhfao;yg? pygr,fwdkZGmonf om;tdrfaMumtwGif;odkY wufaomfvnf; aoaMuysufpD;ukef&ygonf/ wzef
tdkAmqif;onfh &uftwGif;ü tdkAmqif;onfhwdkifatmif ¤if;\ rdwfbufpygr,fwdkZGmudk rawGYvQif ysufpD;&ygonf/
þtjzpftysufrsm;onf udk,fawGYjzpfygí ½kyf emrfrsm;ESifh rnfodkY oufqdkifygoenf;/
ar;/ /(q) ]]owå0gwOD;0ifpm;rIonf þtaMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh oufqdkifonf}} [k qdkygrnfvm;/
ajz/ /(p-q) okufESifhaoG; ESpfOD;pyf oaE¨rsdK;½kyfonf ur®Z½kyf 30-ESifhwuG y#doaE¨ pdwf\wnf&m
rSD&mjzpfaomaMumifh pmrsufESm 35-oaE¨wnfcsdefü jycJhonfhtwdkif; ½kyfemrfwdkYESifhvnf; oufqdkif\/ b0topfjzpf
olESifhvnf; oufqkdif\/ oufqdkifyHkudk tenf;i,fxyfí jyOD;tHh?
y#doaE¨onf (1) Oyywf? (2) oHao'Z? (3) t@Z? (4) ZvmAkZ [lí 4-rsdK;½Sd\/ xdkwGif-
(1) OyywfrSm y#doaE¨pdwfESifh wygwnf;yif wudk,fvHk; ½kyfawGtjynfhtpHk wûydifeuf jzpfay:Mu\/
wae&m&mrS usvmouJhodkY bGm;ueJ jzpfay:vmonf? ¤if;rSm rnfonfh t&mudkrQ rrSDbJ uHoufoufaMumifh
jzpfay:vmayonf/ ewfjA[®mwdkY\\ ½kyfrSm vlawG awGYae&aom av½kyf
rsm;xufyif odrfarGYao;\/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;wdkYudk vlwdkYrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkif? prf;oyfívnf; rawGYEdkif/
(2) oHao'Zy#doaE¨rSm a&ñSd tykyftñSd ponfudkpGJrSDí jzpf\/ ydk;avmuf ponfwdkY\ y#doaE¨rsdK;
aywnf;/ ¤if; y#doaE¨½kyfemrfrSm tñSdwrsKd;rsdK;udk trSD&rS jzpfEdkifonf/ oefY½Sif;ajcmufaoGUaeaom yef;uefjym;
(3) t@ZOü jzpfaom y#doaE¨ESifh (4) ZvmAkZ-tcsif;üjzpfaom y#doaE¨wdkYrSm rdbwdkY\ okwfaoG;udk
þt&mü rSD&m½kyf½SdvQif ¤if;udkrSDí ur®Z½kyfESifh pdwf0dnmOfjzpfEdkifyHkrSm vlwdkY\ udk,fü tom;tpm;xdk;
ay;jcif;jzifh xif½Sm;\/ q&m0efwdkYonf vlem\ udk,frS tlpaom raumif;aomtom;udk xkwfí aumif;aom
tom;udk tjcm;ol\udk,frS ,lí xnfhay;Mu\/ xdktom;opfrSm tjcm;olxHrS xkwf,lNyD;aom umvu
um,yom'ac: ur®Z½kyfr½SdawmhNyD/ OwkZoufoufom ½Sdawmh\/ odkYaomfvnf; vlem\ udk,fu tom;ESifh
aumif;aumif; qufpyfrdaomtcg xdktopfxnf;xm;aom tom;ydkif;ü um,yom'ac: ur®Z½kyfESifh xdodrI
um,0dnmOfpdwf jzpfay:onfudk vlemudk,fwdkif awGYEdkif\/ xdkYtwlyif oHao'Zç t@Zç ZvmAkZy#doaE¨½kyfç
emrfwdkYrSmvnf; tñSdç okufç aoG;[laom OwkZ½kyfwdkYudkyifrSDí jzpfMu&\/ xdkYaMumifh okufydk;ESifh om;Oaygif;pyf
rdNyD;aom oaE¨rsdK;½kyfonf y#doaE¨½kyfç emrfwdkYESifhvnf; oufqdkifay\/ b0topf jzpfaom owå0gESifhvnf;
þt&mü txl;rSwfzG,f tcsufwpfckrSm oHao'Zç t@Zç ZvmAkZowå0gwdkYonf ½kyfMurf;rsm;udk rSDí
y#doaE¨ wnfvmcJh&aomaMumifh aooGm;aomtcgü pdwf0dnmOfESifh ur®½kyfEkrsm; csKyfaysmufoGm;Muaomfvnf;
OwkZ½kyfMurf;BuD;rSm rlvutwdkif;yif usefae&\/ Oyywfowå0g ewfjA[®mwdkYrSmrl yXruyif ½kyfMurf;rsm;udk
rrSdbJ jzpfvmcJhaomaMumifh aooGm;aomtcgüvnf; bmrSrusef&pfbJ wudk,fvHk; aysmufoGm;&avonf/
ar;/ /(Z) okwf&nfwGif½dSaom pygr,fwdkZGm taumifuav;rsm;onf b,ftaMumif;uH ½Sdygoenf;/
ajz/ /(Z) aq;ynmt&tm;jzifh pygr,fwdkZGmac:aom okwfydk;rsm;udk Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmf t&tm;jzifh
owå0g[k todtrSwfrûy/ om;rsdK;½kyf[líom todtrSwfûy\/ xdkYaMumifh ¤if;okufydk;wdkYudk rnfonfhtaMumif;
aMumifhrQ jzpfonf[k rqdkEdkif/ trSeftm;jzifh rlvwnf&mudk,frS vGwfxGufoGm;NyD;aom xdkokufrsm;rSm OwkaMumifh
jzpfaom OwkZ½kyfoufoufomjzpf\/ odkYaomf y#doaE¨wnfrnfh oli,f\ tqif;vSjcif;ç rvSjcif;ç usef;rmjcif;ç
rusef;rmjcif; ponfwdkY\ tajccHvnf; jzpfaomaMumifh owå0gwdkY\ toHk;taqmif O,smOfAdrmef ponfuJhodkY
ur®ypö, OwkZ½kyf[lívnf; qdkoifhao;\/ y#doaE¨aernfhol\ uHtaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm OwkaMumifh jzpfaom
ar;/ /(ps) ½kyf0g't& trdESifhtb aygif;pyfaomtcg oaE¨wnfonfudk acwfaq;ynmu vufcH
ygonf/ Ak'¨usrf;pmrsm;t& wrvGefb0½Sdonfudk txufygtaMumif;rsm; t& em;vnf vG,fatmif rdefYMum;awmf
(acwf aq;ynmt& ]]wrvGEfb0 ½SdaMumif;}}udk b,fenf;ESifhrQ oufaoxkwfNyD; razmfjyEdkifyg/ rdb
ESpfyg;wdkY aygif;pyf oH0goûyí jzpfay:vmaom om;onf tdkrif;í aoaomtcg ¤if;\b0 ukefqHk;ygawmhonf/
ajz/ /(ps) aq;ynmonf ½kyfü jzpfay:vmaom a&m*gwdkYudk ukpm;&eftwGuf jzpfí ¤if;ynmjzifh
prf;oyf½SmazGvQif ½kyftaMumif;udkom rSefuefpGm odEdkifayrnf b0opf jzpfjcif;onfum; t"dutm;jzifh emrf\
t&mjzpfayonf/ t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç uHç [laomtaMumif; w&m;wdkYaMumifh y#doaE¨ 0dnmOfacgif;aqmifaom
emrf½kyfwdkY\ topfjzpfay:vmjcif; oabmjzpfayonf/ xdkt0dZÆm tp½Sdaom taMumif; emrfw&m;ESifh y#doaE¨
0dnmOf tp½Sdaom tusdK;emrfw&m;wdkY\ jzpfyHkudk ½kyfü prf;oyfaomenf;jzifh rodEdkifaMumif; pmrsufESm (28) ESifh
(42) (43) wdkYü jycJhNyD/ ¤if;wdkYjzifhyif þ (ps) ar;cGef;udk ajzNyD; jzpfaeavNyD/
þt&mü xyfrHí ajymvdkonfrSm rsufpdjzifh jrifEdkifaom tqif;udk em;jzifhrMum;Edkif? em;jzifh Mum;Edkifaom
toHudkvnf; rsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkif? uifr&mjzifh zrf;,lEdkifaom½kyfyHkudk &aumf'gjzifh rzrf;Edkif? &aumf'gjzifh zrf;,l
Edkifaom toHudk uifr&mjzifh rzrf;Edkif[laom oabmw&m;udk ,HkMunfvufcHEdkifouJhodkY xdkYtwlyif tbdnmOf
paom ÓPfxl;rsm;jzifhom odjrifEdkifaom wrvGefb0 taMumif;udk ½kyfüom prf;oyfEdkifaom aq;ynmjzifh rod
rjrifEdkif [laom oabmw&m;udkvnf; vufcHoifh\/ xdkodkYvufrcHygbJ ]]aq;ynmjzifh rawGY&aomaMumifh
wrvGefb0r½Sd}}[k ,lqvQif xdkt,lrSm ]]rsufpdjzifh rjrif&aomaMumifh toHudk r½Sd}}[k ,louJhodkY¤if;? ]]em;jzifh
rMum;&aomaMumifh tqif;udkr½Sd}}[k ,louJhodkY¤if; trSm;omjzpfrnf[k odtyf\/
xdkYaMumifh yuwdrsufpdjzifh rjrifEdkifaom ydk;rTm;uav;rsm; jrLrHIuav;rsm; jrifvdkvQif ¤if;wdkYudk jrifap
Edkifaom rSefbDvl;rsm;jzifh Munfh&ouJhodkY wrvGefb0 taMumif;udk odvdkvQif ¤if;udkodapEdkifaom tbdnmOfç
0dyóemÓPfwdkYudk jzpfatmif tm;xkwfí Munfhtyf\/ xdkÓPfxl;rsm;udk &atmif tm;rxkwfEdkifvQif Ak'¨
w&m;awmfrsm;ü nTefjyxm;onfhtwdkif; taMumif;tusdK; qufoG,fyHkudk qifjcifíod&m\/ xdkodkYrSrqifjcifEdkifvQif
b0a[mif;u taMumif;rsm;udk jyefajymEdkifaom Zmwdó&ac: vl0ifpm;wdkY\ jzpfyHkudk pHkprf;qifjcifí ,HkMunf
vl0ifpm;qdkolrsm;rSm EdkifiHwumü tenf;i,fpD½SdMu\/ odkYaomf ]]wrvGefb0 r½Sd}}[k ,lqxm;aom
olwdkYu xdkvl0ifpm;wdkY\ wu,ftrSef ajymcsufudk r,HkMunfMu? rdpämt,ludk ajymonf[k vlBuD;rsm;u [efYwm;
xm;aomaMumifh ]]wrvGefb0 r½Sd}}[k t,l½Sdaom vlrsdK;wdkY\ uav;rsm;rSm rajym0Hhojzifh rxif½Sm;bJ aysmufuG,f
oGm;½SmMu\/ wu,ftm;jzifhqdkvQif uav;rsm;rSm b,fut,l0g'udkrQ vufrcH&ao;? rdrdwdkYodonfh twdkif;om
ajymMuayonf/ vlBuD;rsmrSmrl oufqdkif&m bmomw&m;t&tm;jzifh¤if;? rdrdwdkY udk,fwdkif awG;ac: BuHqcsuf
tm;jzifh¤if; t,l0g'rsm;udk vufcHxm;Mu\/ xdkYaMumifh rSm;aom t,ludk vufcHxm;vQif xdlvlBuD;rsm;omvQif
rSm;rnf/ uav;rsm;rSm rSm;bG,ftaMumif; r½Sday/ þ tcsufudk pOf;pm;MunfhvQif tm;BuD;aom vlBuD;rdbrsm;u
tm;i,faom uav;oli,f\ trSeftuef ajymqdkcsufudk zdESdyfwm;jrpfMuonfrSm tvGefyif rw&m;&m
odkYaomf b0a[mif;u taMumif;udk ajymolwdkif; trSefcsnf;[líum; rqdkEdkifyg/ vlBuD;rdbrsm;u oifay;
aomaMumifh ajymolrsm;vnf; ½Sdayvdrfhrnf/ ynmjzifh csifhcsdefí ,Hkoifhonfudkom ,Hk&rnf/ ,Hkoifhaom 0w¬K
1956-ckESpfu zsmyHkrS oHk;ESpft½G,f uav;ruav;wa,muf bk&m;zl;&efvmaomf rdcifESifhtwl urÇmat;
odkYa&mufvm\/ ¤if;uav;rrSm yd#uygVdpmrsm;udk tcsdK;wus oGufoGufvufvuf zwfEdkif\/ ygVdpmayrSm
acwfynmwwf vlBuD;rsm;yif tcsdK;usatmif rzwfEdkifonfomrsm;\/ ¤if;\ rdbrsm;rSmvnf; qif;&Jaom awmol
awmom;rsm;omjzpfonf/ oifay;csdefvnf; ½Sdrnfr[kwf/ olwdkY udk,fwdkifuyif oifay;Ekdifavmufatmif pmvnf;
rwwfMu? ,if;uav;ruav; bdwfpmwckudk zwfaeonfrSpí pmzwfwwfrSef; tHhtm;oifhvsuf od&onf[k
qdk\/ a½S;b0taMumif;udk ar;vQif idkaomaMumifh¤if;? tcsdKU &[ef;rsm;\ trnfudk olYtvdkvdk odonfhjyif
armifeE´d, ponfjzifh r½dkrao ac:aomaMumifh¤if;? rdrdwdkY\ q&mbkef;BuD;uyif jzpfvmonf[k oufqdkifolwdkYu
,lqMu&\/ ¤if;uav;rrSm pmroif&bJ tzwfcufaom ygVdrsm;udk oGufoGufvufvuf tcsdK;wus zwfEdkif
onfudk a½S;b0u tavhtvmaMumifhyif[k ,lqoifh\/ okdYaomf þ0w¬KrSm ÓPfaumif; oltm; oifay;vQif
jzpfEdkifonf[k r,HkcsifolwdkYu qifajcay;p&m ½Sdao;\/
1948-ckESpfu a½Tbdkc½dkif qdyfcGef½Gm r[mpnfausmif;wdkufodkY uRef;vSe,f ykwD;½GmrS OD;'Dyac: &[ef;wyg;
vma&mufí w&m;tm;xkwf\/ ¤if;u ]]ol[m a½S;b0u arsmufjzpfcJhaMumif;? nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf½Sd&m olYudkrdcif
u ydkícspfaMumif; uav;xdef;&mrSm ae&mrusí arsmufrBuD;u½dkufaMumif;? ajymif;zl;udk pm;vQif vufESpfbuf
ESifhudkifí pm;avh½SdaMumif; ponfrsm;udkajym\/ ,if;OD;'DyrSm ,ckxufwdkif ol\ae&yfü ½Sdae\/
jrif;NcHc½dkif {&m0wDuRef;xJu rdzk,m;½Gmü r,ftdrfacgif;\om; (,ck touf 50-cefY½Sd) armufwdkufpdk;
qdkolonf a½S;b0u r,frif;yk-zdk;cdkwdkY\tdrfü acG;rjzpfcJhaMumif;? acG;om;uav;rsm; arG;vsuf wnaomtcgrSm
pm;p&m r½SdaomaMumifh wjcm;tdrfodkYoGm;í xrif;tdk;udkzGifhum xrif;csdK;udk cdk;pm;aecdkuf tdrf½Sifu c&if;ESifh
&ifyufudk xdk;aomaMumifh xGufajy;vmcJh&aMumif;? om;uav;rsm;teD;odkY a&mufaomtcg vJusíaocJhaMumif;
ponfudkajym\/ xdkol\ &ifyufü c&if;'Pf&mxifvsuf½Sd\/ ¤if;rSm pGJvrf;aompdwfaMumifh jzpfonf[k ,loifh
\/ Oyrm tdyfarGYcsxm;aomoltm; q&mu oHylESifhuyfrnf[k ajymí cJwefESifh uyfvdkufvQif oHyl[k pGJvrf;rI
aMumifh xdkae&mwGif rD;avmifzk ay:vmjcif;rsdK;yif[k rSwf&m\/
xdkYjyif xdkrdzk,m;½GmteD; rD;avmufuRef;½Gmü zdk;jyefYBuD; rñdkwdkY\orD; r,fwifqdkolrSm a½S;b0u
txufyg0w¬KwdkYü arsmufç acG;ç ykZGefvHk;jzpfcJhonf[k ajymolwdkYrSm oifay;í¤if;? wpHkw&mtusdK;udk
arQmfí¤if; ajymonf[k pGyfpGJ&ef taMumif;r½Sday/ rdrdwdkYawGYêuHcJhonfudk rSwfrdonfhtwdkif; ajymMuonf [líom
xdkrSwyg; tvm;wl ,HkMunfxdkufaom 0w¬Krsm; wapäb0u tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymaom 0w¬Krsm;
vnf; rsm;pGmyif½Sd\/ ÓPfxl;ESifh jynfhpHkatmif tm;rxkwfEdkifolwdkYonf xdkodkYaom taMumif;t&mwdkYjzifh wrvGef
xdkYjyif olrsm;ESifh tvkyftudkifjcif; wlygvsuf tcsdKYyk*¾dKvfrSm tusdK;ay; tvGefxl;cRefjcif;? tcsdKYrSm tvGef
nHhzsif;jcif;? tcsdKYrSm ÓPfxl;cRefjcif;? tcsdKYrSm rdbrsdK;½dk;ESifh rwlbJ pdwfaepdwfxm; tavh 0goem tvGef
uGJjym;aejcif; ponfwdkYudkawGY&\/ ¤if;wdkYrSm a½S;b0u uHç ÓPf tavh ponfaMumifh jzpfonf[k Ak'w&m;awmf
u qdkxm;\/ odkYjzpfí ¤if;wdkYudk axmufqaomtm;jzifhvnf; a½S;b0 aemifwrvGef b0½SdaMumif; ,HkMunftyf\/
ar;/ /(u) aq;ynmtm;jzifh awGY½Sd&aom a&m*gydk;aumifuav;rsm;rSm wudk,frSESpfudk,f? ESpfudk,frS
av;udk,f? av;udk,frS ½Spfudk,f? ½Spfudk,frS wq,fhajcmufudk,f ponftm;jzifh wdk;yGm; rsm;jym;vmygonf/ olY
tvdkvdk aoonf[lí r½Sdyg/ xdkydk;aumifrsm;rSm taMumif;uHw&m; ½Sdygovm;/
(Oyrm-0rf;udkufa&m*g pGJuyfaom olemwGif tifhtrD;yg[pfwdkvdyfum; (Entamoeba Hystolitica) ydk;rsdK;
awGY&onf/ tjcm; a&m*gwdkYüvnf; a&m*gydk;rsm; awGY½Sd&ygonf/)
ajz/ /(u) Ak'¨w&m;awmft& umrbHku owå0grSm pdwf0dnmOfonf y"met*Fgjzpf\/ ¤if;pdwf0dnmOfrSm
wudk,fu ESpfudk,f cGJrxGufEdkif/ xdkYjyif owå0grSefvQif olYb0tm;avsmfpGm toufwrf; ½Sd\/ xdktoufwrf;
ukefvQif aoaMuysufpD;&\/ ar;cGef;ü az:jyxm;aom a&m*gydk;tcsdKYrSm arG;xkwfjcif;rsdK; r½SdygbJ wudk,frSESpfudk,f
ESpfudk,frS av;udk,f? av;udk,frS½Spfudk,f ponfjzifh yGm;vmonf[k qdkaomaMumifh¤if;? b,fawmhrS olYtvdkvdk
rao[k qdkaomaMumifh¤if; ]]aq;ynmt& ydk;[kac:&aomfvnf; Ak'¨w&m;awmft&tm;jzifhrl ¤if;wdkYudk owå0g[k
todtrSwfrûy}} Oyrm-wyifwnf;rS tudkif;rsm;udk jzwfí cGJpdkufvQif tyiftoD;toD;jzpfEdkifaom opfyif½kyfuJhodkY
¤if;? b,fawmhrS raoysufEdkifaom oHacs;rsm; aMu;n§drsm;ç ausmufcufrsm;uJhodkY¤if;? cGJwdkif;vnf;&ç aovnf;
raoEdkifaom jy'g;½kyfç a&½kyfuJhodkY¤if; ½kyftxl;rsm;[líom todtrSwfûytyf\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkodkYaom a&m*gydk;
rsm;rSm rnfonfhuH taMumif;ESifhrQ roufqdkif? a&m*g pGJrnfh yk*¾dKvf\ tukodkvfuH taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
OwkaMumifh jzpfay:aom ur®ypö, OwkZ½kyfrsm;[líom odtyf\/
ar;/ /(c) taemufwdkif; aq;ynmt& aMumufrufbG,faumif;aom a&m*gydk;rTm;rsm;aMumifh jzpfMu
onfudk urÇmYorm;awmfBuD;rsm;pGmwdkYu oufaoxkwfMuNyD;vQif urÇmodkY wifjycJhMuygonf/ xdka&m*gydk;rsm;udk
ESdrfeif;owfjzwf&ef aq;rsm;udk ½SmazGMuaomtcg umvom;a&m*gtwGuf owf&ef pdefygonfh tm;pepf (Arsenic)ac: xdk;aq;? erdk;eD;,m;a&m*gydk;rsm; owf&eftwGuf y,feifpvif (Penicillin) xdk;aq;? wDbDydk;rsm; owf&eftwGuf pb&ufwdkrdkifqif (Streptomycin) xdk;aq;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aq;rsm;udk &½SdcJhMuygonf/ ¤if;aq;rsm;
ESifh vlrrmwdkYtm; xdk;íukowdkif; ukowdkif; q&m0efrsm;onf a&m*gydk;rsm;udk owf&m a&muf½SdaeMuygonf/
(¤if;a&m*gydk;uav;rsm;onf ajrtjyifü awGYMu&aom ydk;rTm;wdkYuJhodkYyif vl;vmvIyf½Sm;oGm;vm pm;aomuf
aeMuaomaMumifh ouf½Sdowå0gwrsdK; [lí acwfaq;ynmt& ,lqMuygonf/)
ajz/ /(c) txufyg (u) tajzü jycJhaom a&m*gydk;rsdK;jzpfvQif ¤if;wdkYrSm Ak'¨w&m;awmft& ygP[k
rqdktyfaomaMumifh ¤if;wdkYudk ysufpD;apjcif;jzifh ygPmwdygwuH rxdkuf/
tu,fí yuwdrsufpdjzifh jrifawGYae&aom tjcm;ydk;rsm;uJhodkY oaE¨wnfNyD; arG;jcif;ç toufwrf;tvdkuf
aojcif;rsm; ½Sdygrl xdkodkYaom ydk;rsm;rSm ygPyifjzpf&m\/ xdkYaMumifh xdkydk;rsm;udk owå0g[k trSwf½Sdvsuf
aoatmifûyvkyfjcif;jzifh ¤if;wdkY aoysufoGm;vQif ygPmwdygwuHxdkufonf[k ,ltyf\/ odkYaomf ygPmwdygwuH
onf oDvpaom ukodkvf*kPf½Sdoludk owfvQif tjypfBuD;\/ *kPfr½Sdoludk owfvQif tjypfi,f\/ odkYjzpfí
bm*kPfrQ ½Sdrnfr[kwfaom xdkydk;uav;rsm;udk owfjcif;rSm tvGefyif tjypfao;i,f&m\/ tu,fí xdkydk;rsm;
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4/ okwfydk;ESifh om;O aygif;pyfrdaom tcgrSm vufawGYprf;oyfxm;aom q&m0efwdkY\ twdtusjyqdkcsuf
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usqif;NyD;aom om;Oonf aemufwBudrf "r®wmaoG;ay:vmNyD;onfh wdkifatmif rysufbJ wnfaeonfvnf;
wcgw&H ½Sdwwfao;onf}}[k q&m0efwdkYuyif qdkjyefaomaMumifh OwkaoG; pifMu,fcgpüvnf; okufydk;ESifh
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1/ ]]jA[®mrsm;rSm vlwdkYuJhodkY a,musfm; rdef;r½Sdygovm;/ Oyywf ewfrsm;rSm om;ç orD; ½Sdygovm;}}
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odkYaomf udk,ftaetxm;rSm a,musfm;toGifjzifh cHhnm;xGm;êudif;pGm½Sd\/
Oyywfewfrsm;rSm om;ç orD; ½SdMu\/ ¤if; om;ç orD;wdkYrSm &ifcGifxJü jzpfay:vmukef\/ ZeD;onf ewf
rdef;rwdkYrSm tdyf&may:ü jzpfvm\/ tvkyftauR; ta>ct&HwdkYrSm tdyf&mab;ywfvnfü jzpfvmukef\/
þae&mü Ak'¨usrf;*efwdkYwGif jyqdkxm;aom 'ku¨a0'emjzpfaMumif; 8-yg;ESifhvnf; ESD;aESmí ½Sif;jyOD;tHh/
(1) onf;ajcysufjcif;? (2) ovdyfysufjcif;? (3) avysufjcif;? (4) onf;ajcç avç ovdyf oHk;rsdK;pHkysufjcif;?
(5) Owkysufjcif;? (6) taetxdkifrrQwjcif;? (7) ½kyfudk,fü temw&jzpfatmif ûyvkyfjcif;? (8) tukodkvf uHw&m;
[laom þtaMumif;½Spfyg;wdkYwGif wyg;yg;aMumifh 'kua0'emjzpfay:onf[k Ak'usrf;*efwdkYü jyqdkxm;\/
þtaMumif;½Spfyg;xJü pdwfç tpmtm[m&ESifh tdkrif; aqG;ajrhjcif;[laom a&m*gjzpfaMumif; oHk;rsdK;wdkYudk
wdkuf½dkuftm;jzifh azmfjyxm;jcif;r½Sday/ odkYaomfvnf; onf;ajcysufvQif pdwfvnf; ysuf\/ pdwfysufvQifvnf;
onf;ajcysufwwf\/ touf½SLavrS pí av½kyfvnf; ysufwwfonfyif/ xdkYaMumifh pdwftaMumif;rS onf;ajc
ysufjcif;ç avysufjcif;wdkYü yg0ifonf[k rSwftyf\/ xdkYjyif a&m*gjzpfapwwfonfh tpmudk pm;jcif;onf tqdyfudk
pm;jcif;uJhodkYyif temw&jzpfaponfh tûytrlrsdK; jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;udk Oyuúr[kac:aom temw&jzpfatmif
ûyvkyfjcif;ü yg0ifonf[k rSwftyf\/ xdkYjyif tdkrif;aqG;ajrhjcif;onf ZD&PawaZm[k ac:aom OwkaMumifh jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh tdkrif;aqG;ajrhjcif; [laom a&m*gjzpfaMumif;rSm Owk ysufjcif;ü yg0ifonf[k rSwftyf\/
þtaMumif;½Spfyg;wdkYwGif tukodkvfuHaMumifh tema&m*g 'kua0'emjzpf&mü tukodkvfuHudk y"me
taMumif; [lí¤if;ç onf;ajcysufjcif;paom wyg;aom taMumif;wdkYuvnf; xdka&m*ga0'em jzpfyGm;ap&ef
xdkufonftm;avsmfpGm yg0if tm;ay; axmufyHhMuonf[lí¤if; rSwftyf\/ xdkYtwlyif onf;ajcysufjcif; paom
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ra&rwGufEdkifaom b0rsm;pGmu usifvnfvmcJhaom owå0gwdkYrSm xdkodkYaom a&m*ga0'emudk jzpfapEdkif
aom tukodkvfuHrS vGwfuif;Murnf r[kwfay/ odkYaomf ysdKysdK½G,f½G,f oefpGrf;aewkef;rSm ar;cGef;üygaom
a&m*grsdK;jzpf&ef rsm;pGmtaMumif;r½Sday/ tdkrif;aomolrSmrlum; xdktdkrif;jcif; taxmuftyHhudk&í tm;rBuD;vSaom
tukodkvfuHuvnf; 0ifa&muftusdK;ay;ojzifh xdkodkYaoma&m*grsm;jzpf&onf [lívnf; ,loifh\/
Ak'¨omoem0if r[kwfaomolrSmvnf; vljyefjzpf&eftwGuf a½S;a½S;b0rsm;u ûybl;aom 'geç oDvpaom
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auR;arG;jcif;ç tcsif;csif; apmifha½Smufjcif;ç tusdK;rsm;atmifnTefMum;jcif;ç aqmif½Gufjcif;ç aq;½Hkç pmoifausmif;
ponf aqmufvkyfvªjcif;ç ¤if;wdkYtwGuf &HyHkaiG xnfh0ifvª'gefjcif;ç vludkowfjcif; ESdyfpufjcif;rS MuOfa½Smifjcif;ç
wd&pämefudk owfjcif;ç ESdyfpufjcif;rS MuOfa½Smifjcif;ç cdk;rI vdrfrIwdkYrS MuOfa½Smifjcif;ç toufBuD;olESifh q&mwdkYtm;
½dkaojcif; þodkYpaom aumif;rIrsm;onf Ak'¨omoem0if r[kwfaom olwdkYtm;vnf; xdkufonfhtm;avsmfpGm
½SdMu\/ xdkaumif;rIrsm;aMumifh vlvnf; jyefíjzpfEdkif\/ ewfvnf;jzpfEdkif\/ odkYaomfuH uH\tusdK;udk
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jzpfvmaom vlYb0 ewfb0ü r*fzdkvfudkum; r&Edkifay/
Source: http://www.mahasi.org.mm/sites/default/files/m045pdf.pdf
The safety of twice-daily treatment with fluticasone propionate and salmeterol in pediatric patients with persistent asthma Randolph Malone, MD*; Craig LaForce, MD†; Sai Nimmagadda, MD‡; Lynne Schoaf, RN§; Karen House, MS§; Anna Ellsworth, BS§; and Paul Dorinsky, MD§ Background: For children older than 5 years with asthma who remain symptomatic despite inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) th
PROTOCOLO PARA LA REPRESIÓN DE ACTOS ILÍCITOS CONTRA LA SEGURIDAD DE LAS PLATAFORMAS FIJAS EMPLAZADASEN LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL, 2005 (Texto refundido del Protocolo para la represión de actos ilícitos contra la seguridad de las plataformas fijas emplazadas en la plataforma continental y del Protocolo de 2005 relativo ARTÍCULO 1 1 Las disposiciones de los párrafos 1 c), 1 d
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