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RBMOnline - Vol 7. No 2. 194–199 Reproductive BioMedicine Online; www.rbmonline.com/Article/894 on web 16 June 2003 Premature LH and progesterone rise inintrauterine insemination cycles: analysis ofrelated factors João Sabino Cunha-Filho obtained his MD degree (1993) and the speciality degree inObstetrics and Gynecology (1997) at the Faculty of Medicine (Hospital de Clínicas de PortoAlegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) in Brazil. The PhD degree was grantedto him at the same University in 2000. He continued with post-doctoral studies at Clamart,France (2001). At present he is Professor in Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Faculty ofMedicine–Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre in Brazil and has authored more than 150publications in national and international journals and books. His current research interestsinclude assisted reproduction, endometriosis and ovarian stimulation.
João Sabino Cunha-Filho, Jacques Kadoch, Claudia Righini, Renato Fanchin, René Frydman, François Olivennes1Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Biologie de la ReproductionHôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France1Correspondence: Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Cochin Saint-Vincent-De-Paul, 27 rue du FaubourgSaint Jacques, 75679 Paris Cedex 14, France. Tel +33 1 58411555; Fax +33 1 58411539; e-mail:[email protected] Premature LH and progesterone surges are associated with different factors and hormonal modulators. The aim of thepresent study was (i) to investigate the clinical and laboratory factors and (ii) to highlight the importance of differentstimulation protocols in associated premature LH and progesterone surges in intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles. Thestudy involved a retrospective investigation of 75 patients undergoing IUI for infertility treatment (135 IUI cycles) between1996 and 2000, with initial serum LH concentrations >10 mIU/ml during ovarian stimulation. Ultrasound characteristics,follicular sizes, serum oestradiol, progesterone and LH concentrations and ovarian stimulation protocols were measured.
There was a wide range of oestradiol serum concentrations (93–2245 pg/ml) and follicular size (12–25 mm). In 49.6% ofcycles, the dominant follicle was <16.5 mm. Patients with >2 follicles measuring <15 mm had higher oestradiol serumconcentrations (P = 0.008). Multiple regression analyses revealed no association between these variables and prematureLH/progesterone surge. In conclusion, LH/progesterone surges cannot be predicted utilizing clinical parameters normallyemployed, e.g. ultrasound serum oestradiol assay or ovarian stimulation protocol. Patients with follicles >14 mm or moreand with high numbers of small follicles and high oestradiol are at risk of a spontaneous LH surge. These variables can beused to time the administration of GnRH antagonist administration until better predictive factors are demonstrated.
Keywords: intrauterine insemination, LH rise, premature luteinization, progesterone increase
in IVF to avoid cycle cancellations, which occur in 25% ofcases (Eibschitz et al., 1986). In addition, this rise is a good The determination of LH surge and its associated factors is a predictor of LH surge and ovulation. In stimulated cycles, controversial issue. Published papers differ in studied small follicles may release more oestradiol, increasing the risk populations, outcomes and statistical models. Moreover, the of premature LH rise (Testart and Frydman, 1982). Moreover, modulation of LH surge by oestradiol is disputed by several other factors may be equally important for LH regulation authors (Eibschitz et al., 1986; Kreiner et al., 1988; Couzinet (Loumaye, 1990), since even seasonal and diurnal LH and Schaison, 1993; Taylor et al., 1995). Others describe an variability cannot be explained by steroid serum association between maximum follicular size and LH surges concentrations alone (Testart et al., 1982). The importance of (Eissa et al., 1986), and propose a role for gonadotrophin surge- progesterone support on different stimulation regimes attenuating factor (GnSAF) in these events (Fowler et al., 1993).
(Macnamee et al., 1988) shows the significance of lutealprogesterone secretion and ovarian stimulation on results Predicting the initial LH rise during the LH surge is mandatory Article - Premature LH and progesterone rise in IUI - JS Cunha-Filho et al Many of these physiological events were determined and studied 20 years ago, using the more limited technologies ofultrasound and hormone assays, when recombinant FSH, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists andantagonists were not available. GnRH antagonists were A retrospective analysis was carried out of all cases of IUI recently introduced for IVF–embryo transfer, and probably for intrauterine insemination (IUI) also. Two regimens have beendescribed, single- and multiple-dose protocols (Alabano et al., 1997; Olivennes et al., 1998; Borm and Mannaerts, 2000).
Both regimens can be used in a fixed schedule, in which the A total of 135 cycles were analysed among 75 patients antagonist is injected on a particular day of the stimulation admitted for IUI at Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, who cycle. A more flexible approach would be possible if the showed a spontaneous LH surge during ovarian stimulation or antagonist could be administered only when an LH rise is spontaneous cycles between 1996 and 2000.
feared, perhaps diminishing the dose of antagonist or evenidentifying patients for whom antagonists are unnecessary. To IUI was used for treatment of infertility, and stimulation prescribe such protocols, parameters are needed to predict the protocols were prescribed according to clinical factors. The initial LH rise to screen patients at risk of premature various protocols included spontaneous cycles using clomiphene, short agonist, human menopausal gonadotrophin(HMG) and recombinant (rec)FSH.
This new understanding of ovarian cycle and folliculardevelopment, and the advent of several protocols for ovarian stimulation, including the introduction of recombinant FSH,led to the analysis of the impact of new regimens on LH After day 8 of the, cycle, patients were assessed by measuring surges. A reappraisal of common parameters could be useful oestradiol, LH and progesterone in serum, and using when combined with new computerized technology for transvaginal ultrasound to assess follicular development.
hormonal assays (e.g. chemoluminescence) and the wideutilization of transvaginal ultrasound, with better probes of Spontaneous LH surges were considered in patients presenting higher frequency and increased accuracy of diagnostic with serum LH concentrations >10 IU/l during the stimulation equipment (De Boever et al., 1983; Freimanis and Jones, protocol, and serum progesterone concentrations >1 ng/ml, 1992; Hershlag et al., 2000).
according to Fanchin et al. (1996).
The present study thus aims to analyse clinical and laboratory The number of days required for ovulation induction, together data in different ovarian stimulation protocols in relation to with serum LH, progesterone and oestradiol on the day of the spontaneous elevated serum LH concentrations in patients LH rise, were analysed. Oestradiol output per follicle was measured as a marker of oestradiol secretion related tofollicular development.
Numbers of follicles >12 mm, diameters of dominant folliclesand total numbers of follicles were assessed.
Table 1. Comparison of stimulation duration, steroid concentrations and follicle sizes using the different stimulation protocols
(medians and ranges).
aP < 0.05 in comparison with other groups.
Article - Premature LH and progesterone rise in IUI - JS Cunha-Filho et al Figure 1. Distribution of surges of dominant follicles (mm)
and the normal (Gaussian) distribution curve (dotted line).
Patients with >10 follicles at the onset of stimulation protocolwere considered to have a polycystic ovary (PCO)-like profile.
Follicle diameters were measured by two differentinvestigators, using transvaginal ultrasound (7.5 MHztransvaginal probe; Siemens Elegra®; Siemens SAS, Saint-Denis, France) and calculated as the mean of twoperpendicular measures.
Plasma oestradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH concentrationswere determined by automated and direct chemoluminescentmethods (ACS:180; Chiron Diagnostics Corp., USA).
Sensitivity (minimum detectable concentration) was 10 pg/mlfor oestradiol (conversion factor to SI units, 3.671), 0.1 ng/mlfor progesterone (conversion factor 3.180), 0.1 mIU/ml for LH(conversion factor 1.00) and 0.3 mIU/ml for FSH (conversionfactor 1.00). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation Figure 2. Distribution of sizes of dominant follicles size (mm)
over the concentration range were <7% for oestradiol, <10% and normal (Gaussian) distribution curve (dotted line) in for progesterone and <5% for both LH and FSH.
patients with stimulated cycles (A) and spontaneous cycles
(B), P > 0.05.
The groups were divided according the prescribed stimulation protocol. To compare studied variables among the groups,Kruskall–Wallis or Mann–Whitney U-tests were used, since Table 1 shows the results for ovarian stimulation with different
the distribution of data was not parametric.
protocols. A total of 75 patients (median age 33 years; range25–41) were studied in 135 cycles. The most important The effect on premature luteinization as the dependent findings included the wide range observed for oestradiol serum variable, assessed by serum LH concentrations >10 IU/l and concentrations (median: 437.50 pg/ml; range: 93–2245 pg/ml) progesterone >1 ng/ml, was measured using multiple and dominant follicular size (median and mean: 17.00 mm; regressions in two models. The first model assessed the impact range: 12–25 mm; SD: 2.29, coefficient of variability: of the stimulation protocol to elicit premature luteinization.
The second model utilized age, dose of gonadotrophins (IU),total number of follicles >12 mm, serum oestradiol Patients on spontaneous cycles showed an LH surge at lower concentrations, size of dominant follicle and PCO-like ovarian serum oestradiol concentrations than in stimulated patients, profile as independent variables. All variables are expressed as medians and ranges. The significance level was 5%.
Distributions in the sizes of dominant follicules are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Dominant follicles in 67 patients (49.6%)
Article - Premature LH and progesterone rise in IUI - JS Cunha-Filho et al Table 2. Multiple regression analysis (dependent variable:
serum progesterone concentration >1 ng/ml).
Model 1: independent variable: ovarian stimulation protocols Model 2: independent variable: clinical and laboratory data. Figure 3. Distribution of serum oestradiol concentrations
(pg/ml). The box represents the interquartile range which contains 50% of the values. The whiskers are lines extending from the box to the highest and lowest values, excluding outliers. A line across the box indicates the median. Group I comprises patients with follicles >15 mm (n = 114) and group II those with >2 follicles <15 mm (n = 21) (P = 0.008).
were <16.5 mm. Normal distribution curves of dominant follicles. Moreover, during spontaneous cycles, the initial LH rise is elicited in a different manner than in stimulated cycles.
Overall differences between the sizes of dominant follicles in In addition, a particular group of patients with a large number spontaneous and stimulated cycles did not differ (Figure 2).
of follicles <15 mm in diameter had higher concentrations ofserum oestradiol and were at risk of premature luteinization.
Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied toinvestigate possible factors associated with precocious rises in Oestradiol is essential for oocyte development and the LH surge. However, the critical limit when serum oestradiol concentrations >1 ng/ml were the dependent variable concentrations elicit these rapid LH releases is controversial (premature luteinization) in two different models. In model 1, (Kreiner et al., 1988; Cahill et al., 1998, 2000). Some authors five different ovarian stimulation protocols were investigated propose that rapid rises in concentrations of oestradiol are as the independent variable. In model 2, independent variables more important than serum concentrations per se (Kreiner et included age, dose of gonadotrophins (IU), serum oestradiol al., 1988). Others show how only 1% of infertile patients with concentrations, PCO-like profiles, total number of follicles tubal occlusion begin their LH surge with serum oestradiol and size of the dominant follicle (Table 2). The occurrence of
concentrations <600 pmol/l (Cahill et al., 1998).
premature luteinization was not associated with any of theseindependent variables.
Our multiple regression analysis clearly confirms that LHsecretion is not solely under the influence of dominant The impact of small follicles on hormonal serum follicular size, numbers of follicles or concentrations of concentrations was assessed by comparing cycles with >2 steroids in serum, as found by other groups (Loumaye, 1990; follicles measuring <15 mm [group I (n = 21)] versus those Kagawa et al., 1992; Couzinet and Schaison, 1993; Fowler et with follicles measuring >15 mm [group II (n = 114)]. This al., 1993; Costello et al., 1998; McCartney et al., 2002).
analysis shows that patients with >2 follicles measuring <15mm had higher oestradiol serum concentrations (P = 0.008, Other ovarian factors may be necessary to modulate Figure 3).
hypothalamic and pituitary response in terms of LH andprogesterone surge. Patients receiving physiological doses of oestradiol and progesterone were shown to have a mid-cycleFSH increase resembling that occurring in the natural cycle.
The present data show how serum LH concentrations in However, the LH surge was of lower amplitude, confirming infertile patients undergoing IUI with spontaneous LH surge the hypothesis that independent controls regulate FSH and LH (>10 mIU/ml) and premature luteinization (serum secretion (Taylor et al., 1995). It was also demonstrated that progesterone concentrations >1 ng/ml) were not correlated different formulations of gonadotrophins used for ovarian with various characteristics of the treatment. These included stimulation (HMG or recFSH) did not alter the nature of the the ovarian stimulation protocol, oestradiol serum LH surge or premature luteinization. Nor was the size of the concentrations, dominant follicular size and total number of dominant follicule in stimulated cycles any different to that Article - Premature LH and progesterone rise in IUI - JS Cunha-Filho et al occurring during natural cycles. Modulation of LH surge is cannot be predicted utilizing the clinical parameters normally probably very complex, and associated with different employed (ultrasound and serum oestradiol assay). New prospective studies are essential to confirm and extendavailable data. Nevertheless, patients with follicles >14 mm, or The LH surge is naturally modulated by GnRH, and other patients with many small follicles and high oestradiol, are at hormones and peptides, e.g. GnSAF, which may induce it risk of a spontaneous LH surge. In assisted reproduction under special hormonal and metabolic environments cycles, these criteria could be used to time the administration (Loumaye, 1990; Fowler et al., 1993).
of GnRH antagonists until better predictive factors aredemonstrated. New studies will be welcome to isolate new Recently, small follicles were shown to contain high peptides offering better predictions of premature LH rise, concentrations of GnSAF, which could prevent premature LH investigating the role of inhibins and activins, and offering surges during non-stimulated cycles (Fowler et al., 2001). The prospective studies designed to elucidate follicular dynamics present results are in agreement, and show how the premature LH rise cannot be predicted. Similar conclusions haveemerged for progesterone increments, based only on clinical JS Cunha-Filho was supported by a CAPES post-doctoral The clinical impact of premature LH surges during IUI on subsequent pregnancy rates was evaluated in patients givenhuman chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) before the onset of their LH surge (Fuh et al., 1997). However, the authors did not Albano C, Smitz J, Camus M et al. 1997 Comparison of different measure serum progesterone concentrations, so the impact of doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist Cetrorelix premature luteinization in relation to the clinical outcome of during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertility and Sterility the patients could not be measured. Clinical outcomes were 67, 917–922.
not reported in this study, because several confounding biases Borm G, Mannaerts B 2000 Treatment with the gonadotrophin- can interfere with a specific clinical trial, and numbers of releasing hormone antagonist ganirelix in women undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant follicle stimulatinghormone is effective, safe and convenient: results of a controlled,randomized, multicentre trial. The European Orgalutran Study Because the study design was retrospective and two different Group. Human Reproduction 15, 1490–1498.
investigators measured the follicular diameters, the coefficient Cahill DJ, Wardle PG, Harlow CR, Hull MGR. 1998 Onset of the of variability (<15%) was extremely low, excluding the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge: diurnal timing and possibility of significant bias. Nevertheless, a larger critical follicular prerequisites. Fertility and Sterility 70, 56–59.
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Received 20 February 2003; refereed 3 April 2003; accepted18 April 2003.

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